Pressure Groups †Amnesty International Essay

In Great Britain, the number of political parties is very small, whereas the number of pressure groups runs into thousands; as the membership of political parties has fallen, that of pressure groups has increased. The aim of all pressure groups is to influence the people who actually have the power to make decisions. A pressure group is an organised group that seeks to influence the government decisions or protect or advance a particular cause or interest. Groups may promote a specific issue and raise it up the political agenda. Pressure groups are sometimes able to gather sufficient support to force government to amend or even scrap legislation. For example, in March 1998 around 300,000 people went to London to protest about the Labour government’s rural policies – the ‘Countryside March’ – the government reacted by announcing plans for a Ministry of Rural Affairs and by publishing a white paper investigating all aspects of rural life. In return, these groups have an input into the making of decisions. My presentation is mainly focused on the one of the most influential pressure group and human rights organisation in the world, called Amnesty International. Amnesty International is a worldwide movement of people who campaign for internationally recognized human rights to be respected and protected for everyone. It undertakes research and takes action aimed at preventing and ending grave abuses of these rights, demanding that all governments and other powerful entities respect the rule of law. It campaigns globally and locally. Amnesty International members and supporters exert influence on governments, political bodies. Activists take up human rights issues by mobilizing public pressure through mass demonstrations, vigils, direct lobbying, publication and promotion of research findings, human rights education or co-operation with student groups. Amnesty International works with and for individuals the world over. For example, it takes action to : stop violence against women or abolish the death penalty. Ever since Amnesty International started campaigning in 1961, it has worked around the globe to stop the abuse of human rights. In 1961 Peter Benenson launched a worldwide campaign, ‘Appeal for Amnesty 1961’ with the publication of a prominent article, ‘The Forgotten Prisoners’. The imprisonment of two Portuguese students, who had raised their wine glasses in a toast to freedom, moved Benenson to write this article. His appeal was reprinted in other papers across the world and turned out to be the genesis  of Amnesty International. The first international meeting was held in July, with delegates from Belgium, the UK, France, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and the US. They decided to establish â€Å"a permanent international movement in defence of freedom of opinion and religion†. On Human Rights Day, 10 December, the first Amnesty candle was lit. In January 1962 the first research trip was undertaken. This trip to Ghana, was followed by Czechoslovakia in February (on behalf of a prisoner of conscience), and then to Portugal and East Germany. Moreover, At a conference in Belgium, a decision was made to set up a permanent organization that will be known as Amnesty International. During all these years Amnesty International has undertaken many of the campaigns and actions and developed human rights. It broaden its territory and became one of the most stronger human rights protector. In January 1969, UNESCO granted Amnesty International consultative status as the organization reached another milestone – 2,000 prisoners of conscience released. In 1977 the organisation was awarded Nobel Peace Prize for its â€Å"campaign against torture†, and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978. After 30 years the organization broaden its scope to cover work on abuses by armed opposition groups, hostage taking and people imprisoned due to their sexual orientation. Thousands of Amnesty International members respond to Urgent Action appeals on behalf of individuals at immediate risk. Publicity through the news media and the internet takes its message in many languages to millions of people. It is an organisation independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion, it is democratic and self-governing and financially self-sufficient. Amnesty International has more than 2.8 million members, supporters and subscribers in over 150 countries and territories, in every region of the world. It has offices in 80 countries around the world, for example in Sweden, Senegal or Bangladesh. Amnesty International research teams focusing on particular countries and themes investigate reports of human rights abuses, cross checking and corroborating information from a wide variety of sources and contacts. It receives information from many sources, including: prisoners and others suffering other human rights abuses and their representatives, lawyers and  journalists, refugees, community workers and human rights organizations and defenders All Amnesty International campaigning and research is fact based. Among the many activities it carry out, it sends experts to talk with victims, observes trials, monitors global and local media, publicizes its concerns in documents, leaflets, posters, advertisements, newsletters and websites. Amnesty International’s current six year ( 2010 -2016) strategy aims to empower rights-holders whose rights are challenged and strengthen the human rights movement.

Religion Gives Meaning to Life Essay

Pojman’s conclusion is that religion gives life meaning, whereas a secular life is not significant to the way we view our world. He argues that autonomy is freedom with no restrictions and religion gives meaning and purpose to life, even though there are some sacrifices to our freedom. He says there has to be an explanation to how our world came to be and that our world comes from something much bigger than any of us can wrap our head around. Pojman gives such detail and description in the way that he argues his conclusion. He says that autonomy is like having one-hundred autonotoms, one-hundred percent freedom; no restrictions, and religion is like having ninety-five autonotoms, ninety-five percent freedom; minimal restrictions which refer to our morals and ethics. If your autonomical you allow your life to fill up with a poisonous gas that will kill you sooner rather than later. If you live religiously, you are allowing your life to be filled with sunshine. Religion gives us a solid idea of how the world came to be. God created the universe and created man to live on the earth until we all ascend to heaven. Autonomy as many different theories. The big bang theory or just something that appeared by chance. We have meaning and someone behind us who is willing to give us the most of this life. The world has to be balanced in order to function. Good and evil balance it out. God is good, He is here to guide us and lead us to the life after this. Evil is what tries to pull us back and create this idea that we are superior to everyone and everything else, which creates chaos. Pojman’s meaning to life is, â€Å" God loves and cares for us, so that we have a deeper motive for morally good actions, including high altruism. We live deeply moral lives, not out of fear of hell, but out of deep gratitude to One who loves us and whom we love†. I believe Pojman argues his conclusion very well. He uses scriptures to prove his point and he uses personal experiences that most people have experience as well. He compares religion and autonomy equally and knows what he is talking about. He knows how to describe each so that the reader can put themselves in that position. He is very detailed, yet to the point.

Pushing Tin Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pushing Tin - Movie Review Example Although Nick is a happily married man to a sweet wife Connie, he falls for Bells wife when he met her at a supermarket. Nick has a sincere character full of intelligence that enables him get on the track, through Bell’s help after her wife leaves him. The movie unravels several stress levels experienced by a diverse workforce. The changing times of globalisation comes with added demands on the workers to perform more duties diligently at the same pay as before. Integrated stress model describes stressors as occurring in workplaces, which include nonworking experiences, and during major life transitions (Edward 410). Lazarus and Folkman as quoted by NEIU argue that stressors are life experiences or circumstances that threaten a major goal including maintenance of ones physical integrity and psychological well being (Kemeny 1). Stressors affect various cognition states causing anxiety, sadness, frustration, helplessness, and an overwhelmed self-being. The model advocates for filtering stressors in that a stressor can be exciting to one person and harmful to another. In addition, the model suggests personality, skills, family health history, demographics, diet, and physical fitness as some moderators of stress. From the movie Pushing Tin, Nick’s skills make him outstanding on a job that has so much pressure. When the airline management decides to layoff other air controllers, Nick manages to keep his job. He boasts of his ability to handle intense stress in a job that has a very high percentage of staff turnovers. Integrated model helps us explain why two individuals subjected to similar stressful work conditions will behave differently. While the job conditions excite and work well for Nick, the same conditions are so adverse to other air controllers and they have to quick job. Nick has special capabilities and resilience that makes him stand out. In the same stressful working conditions, Bell comes in and outperforms

Family in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family in UK - Essay Example The definition of family has changed over the centuries for reasons that include both social and structural changes in the western world. The UK family structure has changed in the last 40-40 years.Initially, social scientists including anthropologists and sociologists agreed on various ‘conventional’ definition of family. One such definition was that of Murdocks in 1949, which stated, â€Å"A social group characterized by common residence, economic corporation, and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults† (Settles, pp56, 1999). According to Coontz, the world family until the 19th century was commonly explained as a married couple, living with their co-resident children and distinguished from a household or more distant kin (Arnold, 2007, n.d). Therefore, the definitions stated above, and as described by the que stion have common themes, that of a union of a heterosexual couple (male and female) with recognized rights and obligations, and children. Heterosexuality is the sexual orientation to the persons of the opposite sex. This definition of the family is that of a nuclear family (Lamanna & Reidmann, pp3, 2006). However, at the turn of the 20th century, contemporary social scientists have challenged this definition of family. Various new definitions of family have emerged. There have been various phenomena, which have changed this traditional definition. During the 1900s, Western world had seen dramatic shifts in women employment, opportunities for sexual expression, and technological advances that have touched numerous aspects of the social life of individuals. In addition, the society of today is a dynamic one and families are adapting to meet the new demands of the world. This is because now change and diversity is the norm (Karraker & Grochowski, pp18, 2006). Many people because of a variety of factors have reconsidered the conventional definition of family. This may be because of increased awareness of human rights and equality, feminism, and the place of law. One other reason is due to the increased divorce rate that increased in the mid-fifties. This has led to the family including one divorced adult with another heterosexual adult, bringing up a custodial child (belonging to either adult) and children. Hence, one wonders about the boundaries of family (Settles, pp57, 1999). Families offer the need of intimacy, communication, problem solving and helping each other according to Karraker & Grochowski (2006). Grochowski’s concept of strategic living communities has expanded the traditional definition of family to include all such members who offer intimacy and love. In a way, families are regarded as proactive organism, and it should not be limited to rigid definitions and stereotypes. In this way, everyone has their own right to define who their family i s. It is highly independent on the individual (Karraker, Grochowski, pp18, 2006). Therefore, in the recent times, social scientists of different fields have challenged the conventional definition of family. Family is a very core concept in social sciences especially that in sociology. Hence, the paper will initially address the sociologists’ view of the conventional definition of family. In sociology, the family is regarded as the social institution. It is the key to primary socialization for children in society (Charles, pp. 1-2, 2004). Family life and work has transformed due to recent times in various countries. Hence, the issue of what a family consists of has been greatly talked about. In contemporary tines, the traditional definition is not synonymous to what families currently are. Today’s families include

Entry Plan into International Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Entry Plan into International Market - Essay Example This has contributed significantly to the high levels of customer satisfaction, leading to customer loyalty. The company continues to maintain customers through ensuring similar levels in product quality, hence assuring customers of quality in Zara products. High-quality products have in turn brought high sales placing the company in the global market leadership position. The company presents unique products to its customers through the development of fashion designed based on the market demands. The organisation is drawn in the manufacture of different apparel products trading in different names. The company owns brands like    Pull and Bear,  Massimo Dutti,  and Uterqà ¼e among several others. The company offers clothing for all sexes, subdivided into different categories. The different categories available for Zara’s are upper and lower garments, which represent the parts of the body, shoes, cosmetics and complements. There is a division within the company that provides children clothing of various types and is named Zara kids The company remains one of the global leaders in the apparel industry because of the efficiency with which it delivers products into the market. The company is the principal retailer in the apparel industry globally and has 5527 retailing outlets in 82 different countries. The customer profile for the company consists of largely women with 65% of the market, with men and children holding 25% and 15% respectively, of the company’s global market. The company has created a market for itself in the global arena through affordability and differentiation of the products delivered into the market (Sharp & Dawes, 2001). The company makes products for high-end individuals and has continuously avoided the common industry trend of taking fashion to the low-cost countries. Zara began its international operations through Portugal, when it opened the first store abroad in the country.

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Sociology - Essay Example The younger generation is more likely to involve in hate crimes. They may be classified as thrill seekers who attempt hate crimes in order to get pleasure. Individual may also commit such crimes to defend their communities and territories. A white perpetrator of hate crimes is more likely to adopt violent, aggressive and biased behaviors against blacks and other ethnic groups as they feel insecure and suspect those groups to steal their housing spaces, jobs and share facilities which belong to them being domestic civilians (Chakraborti & Garland 2009, pp. 138-139). A typical person who commits hate crimes may also belong to the minority group living in a diversified society like America. Minority groups often feel prejudiced or discriminated by other members of the society. This discriminating behavior leads to minority groups’ resentment and discomfort which leads to violent and antisocial behaviors. Since hate crimes are not committed for one particular reason, the targets o r victims of such crimes are also not identifiable by a fixed categorization technique. Hate crimes may be against a particular ethnic group, social group, political group, gender, religion, social class and so on. Hate crimes can be committed against people belonging to different categories. People may be categorized according to their profession, age, gender, social class etc. Hence, the identification of hate crimes is a difficult task as it requires an in depth information of the victim or target before categorizing it according to any trait or characteristic that a victim/targeted person holds (Bassette & Salem 1996, pp. 362-363). Crimes are often originated due to psychological distress, conflicts and disagreements in a society. The hate crimes are also associated with the inconsistencies on social, economic, political, religious and financial grounds. The unprivileged groups or individuals develop resentment and hatred against the privileged groups. Discrimination and bias on any grounds can develop the feelings of discontent and disagreements with other groups. Racial and ethnic bias due to increased population of a particular race or ethnicity may result in hate crimes. Legal and regulatory changes for disabled population, particular sexual groups, different religious groups, specific culture, ethnically diverse groups and others create negative thoughts and behaviors among people of one group for the other (Perry 2003, pp. 284-289). These behaviors and negative interpretation of the changes in laws and regulations provoke them to commit hate crimes. Economic factors including unemployment, increased competition, unavailability of resources and lack of competence also encourage hate crimes against those who are employed, have ample resources, skills and qualifications. If a particular racial group is given opportunities to get higher grade jobs while others are not, the biased distribution of opportunities would encourage hatred, harassment and negati ve reactions by other racial groups. In short, most of the hate crimes result due to prejudice, bias or personal hatred related to a particular person, ethnic group, race, gender or religion. Education is the first and most efficient manner of reducing crimes of any type. The education about crimes, their effects and possible outcomes for the perpetrator and the society would help in reducing the crime rates. Hate crimes are

Marketing challenges about hotel industries in Cyclades island Essay

Marketing challenges about hotel industries in Cyclades island - Essay Example The subject deals with the point of view of two broad streams of knowledge – economy, and, marketing, with a heavier inclination towards challenges in tourism marketing in general, and, towards the Cyclades Islands in particular. Business Week in one of its articles asked â€Å"What a poor country to do?†, and said, â€Å"Ask the average economist how a country can lift itself out of poverty, and the answer will be simple: Educate your populace, squelch inflation, open your economy to free trade and investment, and then sit back and watch gross domestic product soar† (businessweek.com, 1997). True to its assertions, it is not that simple. Many poor economies, especially those dependent on tourism have made a mistake in relation to this. Greece’ ascension to the EU could do no miracles, and now talk of leaving the Eurozone is back in the air, though the majority of Greeks do not approve this(Wall St. News, 2011). As Theodore Levitt pointed out back in 1960 in his famous article Marketing Myopia, â€Å"Every major industry was once a growth industry. But some that are now riding a wave of growth enthusiasm are very much in the shadow of decline. Others which are thought of as seasoned growth industries have actually stopped growing. In every case the reason growth is threatened, slowed, or stopped is not because the market is saturated. It is because there has been a failure of management.† Levitt (1975) in his classic railroad example argued that today the railroads which were once a craze in the U.S. have been replaced by a developed transport system. He describes this as a trend wherein people were convinced that they were not a part of the transportation business as â€Å"they presumed themselves to be in the railroad business.† Then he further explains that they believed this to be a development that was â€Å"railroad-oriented instead of transportation oriented; they were product-oriented instead of customer-orient ed† (Levitt, 1960). Even after more than five decades, Levitt’s arguments appear to be as valid and relevant as they were then, in all industries, and in all parts of the world. The hotel industry in the Cyclades Islands is no different. Therefore, as in the railroad case, the problem is not with the railroads, but with its understanding about its own fundamentals, in what business it was. In relation to this the fundamentals, the present review of literatures will try to answer the research question â€Å"what are the marketing challenges for the hotel industry in the Cyclades Islands†. The review will first shed light on the nature and characteristics of service industries, followed by a study of the marketing challenges in them. It will subsequently make a review of what researchers say about the marketing cha

On Epictetus Discourse About Wealth and Freedom Essay

On Epictetus Discourse About Wealth and Freedom - Essay Example One thinks that wealth brings freedom and so he seeks to own gold, diamonds, lands and slaves through whatever means including what has been mentioned earlier. Another considers a high political status as something that would bring him freedom and in the modern world; education is regarded by most as the means to freedom. To Epictetus, he uses the first argument and links wealth and freedom in a manner that is debatable in an era where wealth is widely sought for, one that contradicts modern lifestyles, disagreeing that wealth brings freedom. Epictetus counts wealth as something that enslaves rather than frees someone because these are not the things that make men free rather are the ones that bound them to slavery. He considers owning nothing as having freedom, a concept that most of the people today might not agree with. One might laugh as well at such a concept, for how could a wealthy man be enslaved when he has the means to own his own slaves and be the master of other people? T he philosopher explains his arguments with examples that strongly support his thoughts, qualifying it as a serious thought one should think about not only by the seekers in his time but also in this period where it is believed to be most needed. Looking into his philosophies, one would have an illumination of his considerations and is guaranteed to be more inclined to agreeing than questioning. First, the philosopher considered fear and said that no one really fears Caesar but that they fear death, exile, deprivation of property, prison and disenfranchisement (Matheson, p. 72). Slavery to fear is not actually caused by men, not even powerful men, but is caused by what a person wants, things that he holds on to. This is the reason why Epictetus argues that having nothing, which includes wanting nothing, will release a person from fears. When an individual has properties, and is so attached to them, he would do everything he can to protect it from those who desire to have it, like rob bers. Wealth brings fear of losing it, fear of calamities, fear of people and things that would destroy and grab it away from him therefore a wealthy man is a slave to his fears, and is punished on his mind as to remedy how he should protect himself and his wealth. Sometimes, wealthy people also fear for their lives, because it is inevitable that when a person is after his wealth, he would plan to do all sorts or ways including unthinkable ones only to protect himself, including killing possible witnesses, killing the wealthy man. This is the reason why most of the rich ensure their security by paying thousands of dollars for security alarms and guards. Still, it does not give a hundred percent guarantee that they would all work for their purpose because as the rich man can be vigilant in his ways, robbers could also be more vigilant in their plans, thus, the fear continues and still is a master of the wealthy man. Money and wealth could be in a person’s possession but he cou ld still be a slave not to men but to an abstract yet gripping master called fear and what could be worse than to serve something that is within one’s self. Epictetus argues that one who is truly free is one who distinguishes what is his and what is not his, that he owns nothing but his will and to recognize that everything he has is God’s, so that if people take it away from him, he should let it be and if they leave him in peace, he should let it be and not worry much about the matter. Furthermore, the philosopher speaks about what people love, which can also serve as another master. People love wealth, the tribunate, the praetorship and the consulship (p. 72) which, in search for it, would cause a person to enslave himself to whatever matters and manners he

Network security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Network security - Essay Example Technical security controls are made of three components: detective, corrective and preventive, which all work to mitigate risks within a system. The first step I will access the router through the web interface. This will allow me to configure encryption using the WPA2 or the pre-shared key. This will ensure that anyone who all devices must provide this key before joining the network. There are three IKE policy choices message encryption, message integrity hash algorithm and peer authentication method. The policies are satisfied by various encryption methods that are dependent on a number of factors such as type of hardware in place. The key length available when using encryption algorithm allows the definition of key length used in terms of bits. When it comes to choosing message encryption algorithm, 3des is the strongest when compared to DES. The sha encryption offers a better encryption type as compared to md5 when it comes to message integrity has algorithm. For the peer authentication method, the rsa-sig offers a stronger encryption. An intrusion detection system has powerful features that provide notification when an attack occurs. On the other hand, a detective prevention system only uses limited functions to thwart attacks from taking place. Detection system is also limited because it relies on copies of network packets, which must be received from another switch. This makes sensors operating in intrusion mode to be said as running in promiscuous mode. Compared to detection system, intrusion prevention is more robust and has better features because it operate in inline mode where it checks as packets flows in teatime. Therefore, it can prevent traffic from entering a given network in

The Creation Story of Ancient Babylon Essay Example for Free

The Creation Story of Ancient Babylon Essay The Enuma Elish is one of the most famous stories in the Babylonian corpus of mythology. It is a creation story that is erroneously through to have led to the creation story in Genesis. Some, such as Bracher (2006) hold that this story is no more than the recitation of much older stories personifying the agricultural movement between birth (Spring) and death (later fall, after the harvest). The two major figures are Tiamat and Apsu, both gods of water, but two distinct properties of water: the one, the water used to fertilize fields, water that is fresh and good, but the other, salty and chaotic, the goddess of the Ocean, that is Tiamat. Timat, the female, with her husband Apsu gives birth to two gods of intermediate rank: that of the sky, and their names are Anshar and Kishar. These gods begin, like so many gods do, by behaving badly, and they ultimately need to be destroyed. Eah, the grandson of Tiamat, once this plan to have them destroyed is realized, he seeks to murder his grandfather Apsu. Once this is done, Eah and Damkina, his wife, give birth to the chief of the Babylonian pantheon, Marduk, the patron of the city and of Babylonian civilization. So far, it is quite a stretch to see how this has anything to do with the story of creation found in Genesis. Marduk is similar to the Greek god Apollo, for he the god of the sun, of geometry and order, all things necessary to build a city. He is the god of â€Å"re-creation† or re-creating an allegedly bad earth through the ingenuity of man, urban, civilized man. Once the murder of Apsu is discovered, Tiamat marries again and seeks to wreak havoc on the children and grandchildren. In the first tablet (section 90), Marduk is described in this way: He rendered him perfect and endowed him with a double godhead. Greatly exalted was he above them, exceeding throughout. Perfect were his members beyond comprehension, Unsuited for understanding, difficult to perceive. Four were his eyes, four were his ears; When he moved his lips, fire blazed forth. Tiamat, as said before, is chaos. She is the sea, not only dangerous, but useless in that one cannot drink it and one cannot grow crops by watering them with it. She, however, is a perennial element in the universe, the chaos of which all urban, civilized societies fear. The second tablet says: â€Å"Her decrees are firm, they are beyond resisting. † In other words, all civilizations fail. Man and technics can only go so far in taming her. He is the primal nature seeking revenge against the forces of man who have slashed into her with civilization: with technology (that Babylon had in abundance,) building of stone and cutting down trees of fuel and building materials. It seems here that Marduk is this god of civilization, that needs to â€Å"cut into† Tiamat in order to build their civilization. That the Babylonians had learned to harness water might have something to do with this fear of chaos. At the end of section 20 of Tablet II, this description of Tiamat’s army is given: She has set up the Viper, the Dragon, and the Sphinx, The Great-Lion, the Mad-Dog, and the Scorpion-Man, Mighty lion-demons, the Dragon-Fly, the Centaur Bearing weapons that spare not, fearless in battle Many of these objects and creatures became part of later mythological constructions. The Sphinx is the most fascinating, but its adoption by Egypt makes little sense, not only in that the two civilizations were bitter enemies, but that if the Sphinx is part of the arsenal of disorder, in that it works for Tiamat, how was it adopted as a major figure by Egypt? The Great Lion was used in Israel and Ethiopia, the Dragon is well known throughout ancient mythology of both eastern and western background (a dragon is just an old name for the dinosaur). It seems that this anti-pantheon is very important to mythology and might speak of either the land based forces of chaos and their affect on man (i. e. the scorpion man). In the meantime, Eah has learned of Tiamat’s plan, but it is clear that resisting her is futile. As both Eah and Anu both fail to stop this vengeful symbol of chaos and the passions, there is great fear from the progeny of the first couple, through it must be said that this second tablet is damaged, and only so much can be taken from it. The only one that has the ability to stand up to the forces of chaos now is Marduk himself, and ths is the purpose of tablet III. Significantly, section 130 of Tablet III has Marduk confronting chaos with rhetoric of civilization: Unalterable shall be what I may bring into being; Neither recalled nor changed shall be the command of my lips! Now hasten here and promptly fix for him your decrees, That he may go forth to face your mighty foe! When Lahmu and Lahamu heard this, they cried out aloud, All the Igigi wailed in distress: How strange that they should have made this decision! We cannot fathom the doings of Tiamat! They made ready to leave on their journey, All the great gods who decree the fates Several issues bear discussion at this point. First, Marduk, the god of order and civilization, says that his life will be forever. â€Å"Unalterable shall be what I bring into being. † But what he brings into being is identical to Apollo. Civilization and order, man’s fight against an alleged â€Å"mal-formed† universe, the very heart of Gnosticism and the secret societies who claim ( to this day) to have preserved the wisdom of Apollo, Marduk and Osiris. A council of the gods is called in the beginning of Tablet IV. This council suggests a sort of divine oligarchy of power that will be imitated in Babylon, an oligarchy of wealth, as all civilizations are. The wisdom of Marduk, it seems, is only for the powerful. The gods need to test his abilities, and a test is the destruction and re-creation of matter, things that science, with some reservations, says is impossible. The creation and re-creation of prime matter (really any matter) is the real holy grail for science, since it would permit the scientific elite to create (or re-create) the world nearly from zero, it is the grail of true revolution (cf Hoffman, 2001, for a detailed discussion of this). He passes this particular test and makes a cloak disappear and re-appear, a trick that has substantial ritual overtones. What is interesting here is that Marduk is no dictator, he is commissioned, as some say, to fight Tiamat by the council or pantheon of gods, all springing from the original union of Tiamat and Apsu. His weapons are the four winds of destruction, which seems to suggest that the forces of order can use, but not necessarily control, the forces of disorder for their own purposes (e. g. the water wheel, or the use of wind to harness power). It is this wind, and the chariot of destruction that Marduk rides, that eventually with destroy Tiamat: she is â€Å"inflated† by the use of the winds of destruction, and she is then killed by an arrow. With the carcass of Tiamat, Marduk will fashion the earth, with its laws, joining form with matter, as well as â€Å"setting the bounds† of the waters in an ordered universe. I’m still waiting to see exactly how this has anything to do with the Genesis story that many authors claim show â€Å"unmistakable† connections (see Heidel, 1966). At the very end of Tablet IV, at section 150 (which is apparently cut off) it is written: He crossed the heavens and surveyed the regions. He squared Apsus quarter, the abode of Nudimmud, As the lord measured the dimensions of Apsu. The Great Abode, its likeness, he fixed as Esharra, The Great Abode, Esharra, which he made as the firmament. Anu, Enlil, and Ea he made occupy their places. This is of immense importance, since out of chaos, civilization is born, everything, both man and matter, â€Å"has its place† and function with the rationally organized whole. But in order to do this, Marduk and his allies needed the â€Å"tablets† of knowledge that the goddess of Chaos had. But Tablet IV says that â€Å"these are not rightly his† (first line, section 130). Hence, the manipulation and destruction of the pristine nature (rather than chaos) is not the right of civilization. Marduk has created civilization and ordered the universe with form and number, law and regularity that civilization will take as its hallmark. But Marduk has no right to do this. His is the right of conquest. Tablet V is the most interesting of all the sections of this story. It is really the description of the infusion of order and number into chaos. It is the creation of the universe by the infusing of wisdom, that is, form, into chaos, that is, matter. The seasons of the agricultural year are ordered in the cycle of birth and death that already plants the seeds (so to speak) of all civilization’s eventual destruction. He creates the planets and their movements, and lastly, given the law giving of the natural world, he creates the human city, the lowest of the orders of nature, law of the city is the law of form in matter. It is the later natural law theory of human relations. This section of the tablet sums it up: Below I have hardened the ground for a building site, I will build a house, it will be my luxurious abode. I will found therein its temple, I will appoint its inner rooms, I will establish my sovereignty. When you come up from the Apsu for assembly, You will spend the night in it, it is there to receive all of you. When you descend from heaven for assembly, You will spend the night in it, it is there to receive all of you. I will call its name Babylon which means the houses of the great gods, I shall build it with the skill of craftsmen (section 130) This is likely the most important section of the story, in that it describes, not an Adam and Eve in a non-civilized paradise ordered by God, but civilization, the domination of men over nature under the decrees of Marduk. Nothing more different could be imagined. It is worth noting that only after Cain had killed his brother is the first city formed. The city is the place of sin, the place where the elite oppress the poor in the name of law and order. In the Babylonian story, it is the opposite, the very structure of Marduk’s wisdom is manifest in the city, that is a city only in that it is established by the sovereignty of Marduk. Tablet VI is the story of human creation, again without the slightest relation to the Hebrew story. Man, in short, is created by the blood of the second husband of Tiamat, the leader and instigator of the revenge on Tiamat’s progeny, and that is Kingu. Man is created with the blood of the first rebel, the consort of the goddess of chaos. Man is created, basically, to work as slaves for the gods, to manifest their wisdom and order at the lowest, material level. Several issues should be taken from the above: first, that man is a creation of two forces, light and darkness, chaos and order, wisdom and passion. These are opposite in the sense of bearing dialectical movement to higher and higher levels of synthesis. Second, that this is the pagan wisdom so beloved of the Masons and other societies, it is the beginnings of magic. Magic, given the above, is the ability to balance the order of the universe with its underlying drive to destruction and atomization. Force is at the root of this synthesis: force brought order and chaos together, form and matter. Force destroyed Tiamat, force created the world. Hence, all is force, all is manipulation. Magic takes its start from here. Man will not rest content begin the plaything of the Gods. He is made from the blood of rebellion, yet the order of the universe is to be found in him. This IS the very foundation of magic: making of one’s own order, not the god’s order. The creation and re-creation of matter in the council where Marduk proves his mettle is a symbolic and ritual form that shows the coming rebellion of men: to seek the power of the gods for themselves, for them to become gods themselves. This later myth is brought to fruition in Prometheus and Lucifer. Marduk and his creation of man is the fulness of man’s development, through it is far from clear that this development is a good thing. Civilization partakes of both forms of existence, chaos and order: it uses order in its general affairs, seeks the domination of Tiamat through technology, but also uses chaos, things such as subterfuge, massacre in war and other devices to maintain this order. Order is self defeating in that it must, like Marduk himself, use disorder in the maintenance of order. These two principles of the universe are at the root of all paganism: the moral equivalence of light and dark, order and disorder. There is no sin, only inappropriateness, something that any good magician would know. The nature of pagan religion here is manifest in the last Tablet: Who produces riches and treasures, establishes abundance; Who has turned all our wants to plenty; Whose favoring breeze we felt in sore distress. Let them speak, let them exalt, let them sing his praises! (Section 30) Marduk is not a god of mercy or of goodness, but he is the later Baal, the god who one approaches to ask for things. Through civilization, Marduk gives prosperity and treasure, but at a price. Civilization demands sacrifice, sacrifice through war, accident, disease and overcrowding. It seems that only the elite will share in Marduk’s wisdom. It is the continued multiplication of want and desire. It is the never ending cycle of spring and winter, want and satisfaction, good and bad, life and death, war and peace. References: Enuma Elish. (2006) Translated and Introduced by Dennis Bratcher. CRI Institute Press. Hoffman, Michael. (2001) Secret Societies and Psychological Warfare. Independent Press. (Excellent resource for explaining how the ancient pagan creation myths are used by modern civilization as a form of control). Heidel, Alexander. (1963). The Babylonian Genesis. University of Chicago Press.

Human Resource Management Is A Shared Function

Human Resource Management Is A Shared Function In the whole Task, is talking about the Human Resource Management running in Marks Spencers company. The Human Resource Management function developed as a result of the industrial revolution which began in the United Kingdom and quickly spread to Europe and the United States of America. Human Resource Management is defining as a development and implementation of system in an organization designed to attract, develop and retain a high performing workforce. Human Resource Management is importance in a company because in an organization need a well-managed workforce to achieve their goals. The importance of Human Resource Management that adapt into MS that are in the case of MS, it can be seen that the company deliberately set out to change the basis on which it competed by reinventing itself as a service-based organization. Human resource management is a shared function. Some of the related tasks are implemented by human resources specialist while others are undertaken by managers, especially heads of departments. To avoid conflict between line managers and human resource specialist clear guidelines should be drawn up so that each party knows its responsibilities and authority. However, Human resource management position may be general or specific. General position requires the job holder to multi task and carries out a variety of human resource related functions. Specialized job may allow the job holder to focus on one human resource function at a time, perhaps recruitment or training or even safety and health. In many organizations, human resource department are responsible for a number of functions. These functions are properly categorized under corporate administration as they are not directly related to the management of the employees in the organization. 2.0 Introduction to Task 1(Question 1) The definition of Human Resource Management is to retain people to implementing the system and develop the system to attract people. Human Resource Management is also a function within an organization that focuses on recruitment and management. The objective of the Human Resource Management is the goals to which individual or in group activity in an organization. The importance of Human resource management is an organization need a well manage workforce to achieve the goal. In every company need a human resource department to hire employees to the company. Human resource management is very importance because it can help a company to hire people and easy to know the entire employee in a very details way. 2.1 Task 1 (Question 1) Managing People are dealing with the change that tend to be an inborn, with some people that are having greater of capacity of others people. However, there have few ways of skills of managing change can learn. The first ways that the skills of managing change is to spend the time of reflecting your own core values and own mission in life. This means that it is a purpose of essential to successes and with effectiveness to do the rights things. However, those who are without any idea for what they are doing and what they should do and it will not have the foundation to face in the change. Being persistent is also the where of the skills of Managing People. To be success it is the way to be more tenacity that what you are thinking. It is only show that you are clarified values and to be able to build out the bedrock of purpose and finding a new and creative ways to achieve more positive outcomes in the organization. Think outside the box is also the way of managing change. Think outside the box are mean that youre thinking should be more positive and more creative that think how to face in change. The definition of Human Resource Management is to retain people to implementing the system and develop the system to attract people. Human Resource Management is also a function within an organization that focuses on recruitment and management. The objective of the Human Resource Management is the goals to which individual or in group activity in an organization. The objective of Human Resource Management is the following, to create and to exploit an able motivated workforce and to complete the basic organization goal. To set up and to preserve the sound organizational structure and desirable working relationship within all the member of the organization. To be more security and to conform of individual or groups within the organization by co-ordination of the individual and group goals with those of the organization. To verify and content individual and group needs by providing suitable and impartial wages, and to encourage employee benefits and social security and measures for challenging work. Therefore, to create facilities and opportunities for individual or group development so as to match it with the growth of the organization.To provide fair, acceptable and efficient leadership.To maintain high employees morale and sound human relations by sustaining and improving the various conditions and facilities. 2.1.1 Question 2 The importance of Human Resource Management that adapt into MS that are in the case of MS, it can be seen that the company deliberately set out to change the basis on which it competed by reinventing itself as a service-based organization. People are being required to reconsider their attitudes towards how work is performed and their attitudes to their counterparts externally. Whatever form it takes, it is to be successful. Therefore, MS have to make people fully aware of the pressure for such change during the trading period, giving them an on-going feedback on the performance and areas of activity within the organization, and understanding staffs fears and concerns. To become more flexible MS decided to apply a more horizontal management organization style. Through a clear leadership role of appointed heads of business units. However, effective of Human Resource Management is seen necessarily to involve a focus upon fostering employee motivation, commitment and development. It is an approach that acknowledges the importance of Human Resource Management to the aims of the business, whilst reflecting attempts by management to create a work environment that emphasizes employee development. 2.1.2 Conclusion to Task 1 In my conclusion, I think human resource is a good department and it is very importance in a company. Every company needs human resource management to manage the organization to achieve the goal. Human resource management teaches us how to manage people in a company and in an organization. In this task, I have learn the importance of human resource and how the human resource department running in a company. 3.0 Introduction to Task 2 In task 2, there are talking about the flatter organization structure, the flexibility of workplace in MS and the advantages and disadvantages of implementing the flexibility of workplace. An organizational structure in which most middle-management levels and their functions have been remove, thus bringing the top management in direct contact with the frontline promoter, shop floor employees, and customers. However, no matter there are tolerant, flat organizations can benefit from most of the advantages enjoyed by small companies, such as faster response time to change the conditions and customer preferences. 3.1 Task 2 (Question 1) The definition of the flatter organization structure is an organizational structure in which most middle-management levels and their functions have been remove, thus bringing the top management in direct contact with the frontline promoter, shop floor employees, and customers. However, no matter there are tolerant, flat organizations can benefit from most of the advantages enjoyed by small companies, such as faster response time to change the conditions and customer preferences. In MS the flexibility of the workplace there is provide a range of options for the employee to choose in flexible working, be it part-time work, job sharing or term-time working. Therefore, MS also always give support for staff wishing to study or to take a complete break with the career break plan of up to nine months unpaid leave. The benefit of the model of flexibility is the flexibility exercises, whether motionless or dynamic condition, are important for maintaining the best range of motion in joints. The dynamic flexibility of the workplace offer the exercise benefit of letting jointly move through all range of movement which will make the employees have a perfect warming up before the physical activity. For the flexible exercise are use to increase to the maximum range of motion of joints. This activity is good for all the employees to make sure that the company is arranging a good activity. This activity is providing to all member in the company and hope the employees would not get bored in their job. Therefore, the flexibility for the employee that can offer the employee that a better work life balances is to being able to meet both work and personal commitments. Reduced travelling time and cost, increased sense of control leading to increased sense of well-being, have a greater job satisfaction and a happier person all round. Being able to remain in the workforce longer, and greater loyalty, trust and respect towards employers. 3.1.1 Question 2 Workplace flexibility are implemented effectively business to creates benefits to all employees and employers. This all benefits will implement for all of the employees and employers in the company. Therefore, the flexibility for the employee and employer can give the employee a better work life. So that the employee can be able to meet the work and commitment. However, reduce all the travelling time and cost so that can increase the sense of control leading. To make sure that the entire employee have a greater job satisfaction, make sure they are working happy with others people to remain their workforce longer, loyalty, trust and respect each other towards employers. In the workplace flexibility policy, there are provide a framework for an organization is to deliver its commitment and set the right and responsibility. However, the flexibility policy is a document describing the rights and responsibility of the employees and employers. In relation with the flexible work arrangement. The advantages of the flexibility on the workplace are include, there must have a schedule is easy to arrange your time table workday around the personal obligations. For an example, instead with the working hours that company had given are 8a.m to 5p.m shift, you can choose to work 7a.m to 4p.m and you can use the extra hours for appointment or others personal matter. Addison Simmons quote that, According by the Human Resource Department at Northern Arizona University, others benefits of a flexible schedule are include that increase the productivity and satisfaction of the employee. The disadvantages of the flexibility of work place are the downside to a flexible schedule is the responsibility for time management is more pressing. The supervisor will consider all the implication. Although there are many employees in the company, if the employee didnt give up their team work, there will not be success. Some of the employees that work with the inconsistent schedule and cannot spend much time in collaboration with others co-workers. For a very huge company, every employee for the collaboration may only work for few hours a day. However, when working at the office with the flexible hours, but difficulties also can arise. 3.1.2 Conclusion to Task 2 In this conclusion, I have learned that the flexibility of workplace. The flexibility of workplace are good for employees because they can be more concentrate in their work even they din have the workforce to work longer for the company. I think this is work for every company, because every staff can enjoy with their work and work satisfaction in the company. 4.0 Introduction to Task 3 In Task 3, there is talking about the mainly women and culture in MS. The culture in MS is mean that the company should have to care about the culture and must to take more attention for this. Culture is a very important things in the world, every nation have their own culture. Like Chinese, Malay and Indian, also have their own culture. System designed to manage employee performance rely on effective recruitment and selection. No performance management system can assist workers to do a good job if the employee is not suitable for the positions to which they are assigned. To protect MS of business against workplace discrimination claim are using the employee act to protect. For an example, the company can use The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; in this article The Pennsylvania Human Relations to protect MS. 4.1 Task 3 (Question 1) For Task 3, the definition of managing employee performance and performance appraisal is mean the employee performance management system. Employee performance management system is mean that a system design by Human Resource Management in order to ensure that the work done carry down by the employee to achieve organization goal and also to help them to improve their performance. There are many cultures in MS Company. In MS there are sell different types of cultures things. MS is a very great Company, it sells many things, and it has it product itself. Therefore, the opportunities of MS, you might be very surprised of the scope and scale of the opportunities offer on MS. Marks Spencer have a range of roles at the Head Office in London and they also have positions in our Shared Services team (based in Manchester), who provide human resources and finance services support to the entire Marks Spencer group. The culture and value of Marks and Spencer has sat of company values that the employee should bear in mind during the application process during any future employment with the company. The quality to guarantee that Mark Spencer sell good quality product and have provide good customer service.However, the management of Mark Spencer uses SWOT analysis to provide equal opportunities within the workplace. SWOT is mean that it measure the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats. The strength of MS is the succession of their employee attention in details in terms of supplier control, store layout and others. The success of MS are often understand their customers need and want and provide high quality products and they are also having the best supplier in hand. The weakness for the company is the stock of clothing with wide appeal to public. Opportunities for the company have a wide range of opportunities to expand the brand globally and also have the opportunities to consider more overseas supplier. While, the threats of MS is they have the strong competition with gap, who offering similarly products. 4.1.1 Question 2 The threat of discrimination claims has become a basic part of the landscape for businesses both small and large. Particularly since Anita Hill became a household name, many if not most personnel decisions pose at least some risk of being construed, or misconstrued, as evidencing an employers intent to illegally discriminate against one or more employees. MS is a big company that have created a discrimination-free workplace, but one complaint from a disgruntled employee could end with the company facing stiff legal and financial penalties, bad publicity, low employee morale and much more. The government prohibits many types of workplace discrimination-not just discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Therefore, there are some employment act that can protect the discrimination claims. The few various laws: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; in this article The Pennsylvania Human Relations Act and Title VII of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, generally prohibit an employer from discriminating against an employee in hiring, firing, tenure and the terms, conditions and privileges of employment on the basis of race, color, religious creed, ancestry, age (defined to include persons between the ages of 40 and 70), sex or national origin. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA) protects men and women who perform substantially equal work in the same establishment from sex-based wage discrimination; The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older. Title I and Title V of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended (ADA), prohibits employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities in the private sector, and in state and local governments; However, ADA claims involve considerations very different from race and gender-based discrimination, and are beyond the scope of this article. 4.1.2 Conclusion to Task 3 In this conclusion, I have know that, Employee performance management system is mean that a system design by Human Resource Management in order to ensure that the work done carry down by the employee to achieve organization goal and also to help them to improve their performance. The employee act for the company is very important. Every company needs it. 5.0 Introduction to Task 4 In Task 4, there are talking about the practice of Human Resource Management. Human Resource Management has implemented the flexibility of the workplace in MS. human resource management development and implementation of system in an organization designed to attract more customers to retain high performing workforce. 5.1 Task 4(Question 1) The above scenario that Human Resources Management that can be best implemented that are flexibility on the workplace of MS. In MS the flexibility of the workplace there is offer a range of options for flexible working, be it part-time work, job sharing or term-time working. We also offer support for staff wishing to study or to take a complete break with our career break scheme of up to nine months unpaid leave. The benefit of the model of flexibility is the flexibility exercises, whether static or dynamic, are important for maintaining optimal range of motion in joints. Empowerment is a management practice of sharing information, rewards and power with employees so that they can take their initiative and make decision to solve problems and improve service and the performance. Empowerment also are base on the idea that giving by the employees skill, resources, authority, opportunity, motivation as well as holding the responsible for outcomes of their action. The flatter organizational structure also is based on the scenario of Human Resource Management practice. There are the few advantages of the flatter organizational structure. Flatter organizational structure is less costly because it has only few managers in the company. There have quick decision and actions can be taken because it has only few level of management. However, there are also fast and clear communication is possible among those few levels management. It subordinates are free from close and strict supervision and control. The disadvantages of flatter organizational structure are, there are chances of loose control because there are many subordinates under one manager. The discipline in the organization may be bad due to lose control, and the relations between the superiors and subordinates may be bad. If there are close and informal relations may not be possible. There will be many problems of a team work because there have many subordinates under one manager. Sometimes flatter organizational structure has to create problems of coordination between various subordinates. Therefore, efficient and experienced superiors are required to manage a large number of subordinates. At last, the quality of the performance may be bad. 5.1.1 Question 2 After the implementation of the Human Resource Management, there must have the job description in the performance. The organization must provide good performance. So that the performance itself should have to know about the performance standard. A sample performance standard for an executive assistant is: Record and transcribe minutes and disseminate copies to the board of directors within two weeks after each meeting. According to Ruth Mayhew 2012 Performance management is a workplace program that helps employees understand their job duties and their employers expectations. The executive assistant is exceeding expectations by distributing copies within a week; however, if directors receive copies of minutes a month later, the employee is not meeting the job expectations. For rating purposes during an annual evaluation, managers compare the employees actual performance to the performance standards. However, there will be a training to train a leader, manager or supervisor to lead a group of people in the organization. Therefore, Training supervisors and managers how to control performance appraisals is another functional responsibility of the human resources department is a training specialist develops the learning objectives to make the company more successful. 5.1.2 Conclusion to Task 4 In this conclusion, I have learned the flexibility of workplace. The flexibility of workplace are good for employees because they can be more concentrate in their work even they din have the workforce to work longer for the company. I think this is work for every company, because every staff can enjoy with their work and work satisfaction in the company. 6.0 Conclusion In my conclusion, I think human resource is a good department and it is very importance in a company. Human resource management teaches us how to manage people in a company and in an organization. I have learn the importance of human resource and how the human resource department running in a company. In task 2, I have learned the flexibility of workplace. The flexibility of workplace are good for employees because they can be more concentrate in their work even they din have the workforce to work longer for the company. I think this is work for every company, because every staff can enjoy with their work and work satisfaction in the company. I have know that, Employee performance management system is mean that a system design by Human Resource Management in order to ensure that the work done carry down by the employee to achieve organization goal and also to help them to improve their performance. The employee act for the company is very important. Every company needs it.

To Kill a Mocking Bird - Connections :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill a Mocking Bird - Connections The first relation to the real world is that people used the ‘N’ word frequently. They used this word to refer to Afro-Americans during the period when the book was written. People today still use it to refer to Afro-Americans. I think it is unfair that they are being called N@#$%&@ because it is a term that they really dislike. They would get very angry if they were referred to as such. Many characters in the story, such as Francis and Mrs. Dubbose, have used this term quite regularly. They considered Afro-Americans as inferior human beings. In today’s society, the description of black people as N@#$%&@ still exists, but it has been toned down considerably, compared to when the book was written. Next, many parents in Maycomb did not teach their kids moral values. This is evident because there were so many kids calling black people the ‘N’ word. Atticus strongly believed in teaching his kids moral values. Every time Scout or Jem had a problem, he sat them down and advised them what was the right thing to do. When he told Jem to help Mrs. Dubbose out and read to her, he refused. He did not know why Atticus was so serious about it. When he found out that she was addicted to morphine and his reading helped her to deal with it, he understood and respected Atticus. He dealt with Scout the same way. When she had a problem, he would sit her down and carefully explain to her what was the right thing to do. Today, many parents do not teach their kids moral values. This is evident because so much teen rebellion is occurring. Parents should try to teach wisdom to their kids as Atticus did. In my opinion, children think that their parents do not understand them enough. There needs to be more discussion between children and their parents. The concept of walking away from fights is addressed in the book, and can be related to real life today. Atticus was always advising Scout and Jem to control themselves and walk away from fights. He said it was better to fight with your head. Parents today always advise their children to walk away from fights. They always say, â€Å"Use words, not hands.† Jem and Scout listened to Atticus and tried their best to avoid getting into fights at school. However, Scout still got into some fights. Kids today also listen to their parents and try their best to avoid fights. Yet, they still end up fighting just as Scout did. Sometimes in life you are faced with an unexpected situation.

Black Bart :: essays research papers

Black Bart On August 3 of 1877, a stage was making its way over the low hills between Point Arenas and Duncan’s Mills on the Russian River when a lone figure suddenly appeared in the middle of the road. Wearing a duster and a mask made from a flour sack, the bandit pointed a double- barreled shotgun at the driver and said, " Throw down the box!" "I’ve labored long and hard for bread, For honor and for riches, But on my corns too long you’ve tred You fine-haired sons of bitches." When the posse arrived later, all they found was a waybill with the above verse painstakingly written on its back, each line in a different hand. Almost a year later, on July 25 of 1878, the PO8 struck again. A stage from Quincy to Oroville slowed to make a difficult turn a long the Feather River, the masked man stepped out of the bushes and asked that the box be thrown down. His soils included $379 in coins, a silver watch, and a diamond ring. Once again, when the posse reached the scene, all they found was a poem: "Here I lay me down to sleep To wait the coming morrow, Perhaps success, perhaps defeat, And everlasting sorrow. Let come what will I’ll try it on, My condition can’t be worse; And if there’s money in that box ‘Tis munny in my purse!" Once again the lines were written in varying hands and the work signed "Black Bart, the PO8." In order to make the highways safe once again, Governor William Irwin posted a $300 reward for the capture of the bandit, to which Wells Fargo & Co. added another $300. Another $20 contributed by the postal authorities. The reward went unclaimed for five years, during which Black Bart seemingly robbed at will. Often laying low for several months, Bart would suddenly go on a spree and rob three or four stages in as many weeks, and then vanish without a trace. Black Bart’s talent for covering great distances on foot in impossibly short times was no doubt a great asset in his life as a highwayman. In another, and it turned out to be his last, stage robbery McConnell (the stage driver) turned his head to find the muzzle of a double-barreled shotgun looking at him. You see, Bart knew that this stage was carrying gold coins and gold amalgam with it. What Bart didn’t know is that in the woods following the stage was a young hunter that had gotten off a few miles back to do some hunting.

Willy Loman is No Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman Essays

Willy Loman is No Tragic Hero in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman In Arthur Miller’s essay about â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man,† he argues that the common man is as appropriate a subject for tragedy as the very highly placed kings and noble men. Mankind keeps tragedy above all forms because they are given the same mental abilities as the nobles. In â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, Willy Loman is a common man and a middle class worker, enough saving to provide food for his family. So if the tragic hero can be a common man, does Willy fit in that category? Even though he is a common man he fails to live up to the standards of being a tragic hero because he never accepts nor admits to his own errors. He, therefore, loses his dignity. One of his biggest errors is his failure of be a good father. Willy Loman’s character is capable of making errors. He believes he is a very successful salesman and well liked. He also thinks that the company likes what he is doing. He once said, â€Å"I’m the New England man. I am vital in New England† (Miller pg. 32) Because of his false belief about his success Howard fired him. After he got fired charley offered him a job, but he refuses to accept, because he is too proud and jealous to work for Charley. His actions were wrong because at no time was a successful salesman. He is not a powerful character. Willy lives in his fantasies where he is the man. Who goes out to another place and comes out rich, he is love by everyone and admired by his family. In real life, he is lazy and does not live up to his own ideals. â€Å"As Aristotle explains, a tragic hero must be one of noble character and must fall from power and happiness.†(Www.ccd.rightchoice.org/lit115/poetics.html) but Willy neither has a noble characteristi c nor does he fall from power because he does not have a position of power. According to Miller, a tragic hero is someone who dies for personal dignity. Willy does die for his dignity. â€Å"Those who act against the scheme of things that degrades them.†(Miller. Tragedy of the Common Man) Willy, in his ideas and action of committing suicide, fits in that category. In act 2, Willy reveals his desires to win back Biff’s respect by committing suicide.

Beyonce Essay

Beyonce’ Knoweles, a twenty-one year old Houston native is the founding member and chief songwriter of one of the biggest selling female acts of all times. We all know this group as talented, sexy, chart topping, and â€Å"bootyliscious†, with that being said, you better say their neme, â€Å"Destiny’s Child. † Destiny’s Child has sold over 33 million records worldwide. Beyonce’ has co-written and co-produced many of the groups’ hit songs. She also is the first African-American woman to ever win the ASCAP Pop Songwriter of the Year Award and second woman to ever receive the honor! Beyonce’ has been nominated for four 2004 Soul Train Awards including, Best R&B/Soul Single â€Å"Crazy In Love,† Best R&B/Soul Album -Dangerously In Love, Best R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year Dangerously In Love, and the Micheal Jackson Award/ Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video â€Å"Crazy In Love. †Also, Beyonce’ is nominated for five 35th Annual NAACP Image Awards! She has won 3 MTV Video Music Awards and also took home 5 Grammys this year! Just guess who won the Peoples Choice Award for Favorite Female Musical Performer at the 30th Annual People’s Choice Awards? If you said the talented, young, out-going Beyonce’ Knowles, you got it right. Beyonce’s solo debut, Dangerously In Love, has been certified multi-platinum as of February 12, 2004! The young, 21 year old, Beyonce’ Knowles has made a mark in history and in many peoples hearts. Destiny’s Child, led by original members Beyonce’ Knowles,Kelly Rowland, LaTavia Robinson, and LoToya Luckett launched on the scence in 1997 with their multi-platinum single,â€Å"No, No, No,†from their self-titled album. The group released their second album, â€Å"The Writing’s On The Wall† in 1999. The album sold over 10 million copies worldwide. â€Å"Bills, Bills, Bills,†Ã¢â‚¬ Say My Name,†and â€Å"Jumping, Jumping† all went 9 weeks at #1 on the Bilboard’s R&B singles chart. Being that the group was going through some difficuties, some group arrangments were made (LaTavia Robinson and LaToya Luckett departed the group). Beyonce’ and Kelly would go on to keep the groyp alive and surviving. Michelle Williams was just what Beyonce’ and Kelly needed to make the dramatic affairs a great success. A year after Michelle joined the group, they recorded the Survivor album. Survivor went double platinum four weeks after its release and has went on to sell more than 9 million copies worldwide. Destiny’s Child took home two Grammy Awards for best R&B song and best R&B pergformannnce by a Duo or Group for the hot â€Å"Say My Name. † The group has won a great deal of other awards, Billboard Artist of the year, NAACP Image Awards, American Music Awards, Nickeloeon Kid’s Choice, and The Sammy Davis Jr. Award for Entertainer of the Year at the Soul Train Awards. Beyonce’s solo album, Dangerously In Love gave her and the group members of Destiny’s Child (Kelly and Michelle) an opporitunity to grow. Beyonce’ says she feels free, because she can go into the studio and talk about whatever she wants. In many ways, she admits that it was harder to be on her own since she depended on the group so much. Beyonce’s father and manager, Mathew Knowles share the experiances and successes of the already multi-platinum album, Dangerously In Love. Many great artist are also featured on Dangerously In Love. Beyonce’ Knowles is a young, talented, sexy, intellectual, motivational, inspirational, brilliant, African – American feamale who has inspired many people to keep suviving and never to give up!

Compare and Contrast Two Shopping Centres

Nguyen Le Thi Phuc 24/3/2013 A shopping plan Last week, I thought of a plan to go to the shopping centre with my friend who is going to visit Singapore. Both my friend and I like shopping, I wanted to take her to go shopping. But I could not make up my mind that where we would go. I had ever come to Thomson Plaza and Lucky Plaza that all of them were very nice. Then I compared the location, structure and goods of two centres that I could finally come to my decision to go Lucky Plaza.First, I considered about their location. Thomson Plaza is a shopping centre located in urban areas, in the heart of private and public residential estates at Upper Thomson Road. However, Lucky Plaza is situated in the midst of Singapore’s premier shopping district and located along the Orchard road. So both Thomson Plaza and Lucky Plaza are easy to move by any transportation. Lucky Plaza is closer the MRT Station but farer my home than Thomson Plaza.Besides, Lucky Plaza had been identified as one of the most accessible landmarks for the tourists. Second, I thought of their structures. While Thomson Plaza’s logo is an orange – gray leaf, Lucky Plaza’s logo looks like double â€Å"S† with yellow color. The appearance of Thomson Plaza looks nice and specially, and Lucky Plaza does too. Thomson Plaza has 3 floors and a basement carpark. In contrast, Lucky Plaza has 6 floors, 1 basement and a large parking lot. So there are many shops in Lucky Plaza more than Thomson Plaza.From their structures, they both buy the diverse variety of goods with many different brands. They serve quality goods, good services and sometimes they have some goods on sale with low price. Specially, Lucky Plaza has many kinds of foods, Photo studio, Bossini, Levi’s, Bata shops that we like most. On the orther hand, Thomson Plaza doesn’t have those shops. In conclusion, after taking everything into consideration, I think I made the right decision. We will have a sho pping trip in Lucky Plaza with our favourite shops.

Is Friar Lawrence a Good Man, Evil Character or Simply a Misguided and Bumbling Individual?

Friar Lawrence plays a strong central character throughout the play, Romeo and Juliet. The Friar is linked to both the Capulet’s and the Montague’s through religion and the church. Friar Lawrence is presented as a â€Å"holy man† who is trusted and respected by the community because he is a priest. Friar Lawrence is an advisor and close friend to Romeo. This is apparent when Romeo addresses the Friar as â€Å"father† and Friar Lawrence addresses Romeo as his â€Å"son. † Romeo goes to Friar Lawrence for help and consolation, for example, when Romeo speaks about Juliet for the first time, Friar Lawrence speaks to him about Rosaline. This shows that their relationship is close as they seem to know a lot about each other and becomes more apparent throughout the play as he influences Romeo’s decisions. This shows the irresponsibility of the Friar as he has broken the stereotype of a regular Friar because he does not always seem to speak to Romeo as a Friar but more so as a friend. Romeo asks Friar Lawrence â€Å"that thou consent to marry us to-day. † Friar Lawrence thinks at first that Romeo is moving on too quickly from Rosaline and does not think he is doing the right thing. Young men’s love then lies not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes. † Friar Lawrence’s advice seems to be good because he believes that Romeo just says that he loves anyone or says it when he thinks he is in love until the next woman comes along. A Friar would not usually say that to anyone and this is showing that their relationship is unprofessional. Whilst Friars do advise people, this seems to have been unprofessional. Friar Lawrence quickly changes his attitude and decides to unite Romeo and Juliet in marriage. He believes that this will end the feud between their two families. For this alliance may so happy, to turn your households’ rancour to pure love. † Friar Lawrence’s first motive was to create peace for their families. Friar Lawrence at the same time could have also thought of uniting Romeo and Juliet to boost his own status in Verona. He could have wanted to portray himself in a more respectable light to show that he ended the vendetta between the Montague and Capulet families. In secret, Romeo and Juliet marry, without their parent’s permission. Friar Lawrence is seen as a figure that is a highly trustworthy character of great importance. By performing the marriage, he is keeping secrets from the two wealthiest and most powerful families in Verona, which would be seen as a sin for a Friar. In going ahead with the clandestine marriage, it shows that he can be devious and untrustworthy in order to protect himself as he does not want the blame if anything goes wrong. When Romeo killed Tybalt, his punishment was banishment and was ordered to Mantua. Romeo goes to Friar Lawrence for more guidance on what to do. â€Å"Go get thee to thy chamber, hence and comfort her. Friar Lawrence encourages Romeo to go to Juliet’s home and consummate their marriage, knowing that the differences between the families are now inconsolable. Friar Lawrence knew that if Romeo was to get caught at the Capulet’s home with Juliet, Romeo would have been killed and this demonstrates that he was willing to sacrifice Romeo’s life by sending him there in order to make sure that the marriage was not annulled. Friar Lawrence was ma king sure it happened so that the plan in his mind was going to work. He thinks he will still gain power and recognition so everyone is happy in the future. Friar Lawrence is shown as a good man as Romeo and Juliet are grateful for his help in making sure they spend their wedding night together. However, giving this advice to Romeo can also illustrate that he is a bumbling individual because he is putting Romeo’s life in danger. Friar Lawrence devised another plan for Juliet to help her escape from her father and the arranged marriage. â€Å"And if thou dar’st, I’ll give thee remedy. † Friar Lawrence plans on giving Juliet a drug that will make her sleep for 48 hours, but at the same time, make her seem dead. The Friar also tells her that he will write to Romeo to inform him of the new plan. Friar Lawrence’s egotistical attitude seems to have caused more grief than comfort. By suggesting that Juliet drinks the potion, he shows a more selfish side to his personality. I believe that the Friars intensions are still good at this point, however he could be trying to save himself from the situation as he may have doubts about the upcoming events, showing that there is a very unforgiving side to him. Friar Lawrence has to be devious in order to carry out the new idealistic plan. As a priest, he should not lie in any situation. Friar Lawrence asks â€Å"come, is the Bride ready to go to church? † to the Capulet family. He already knew full well that the wedding was not going to go ahead, however by saying this to the family, he is pretending that he knows nothing and gets prepared to bury Juliet. This shows how deceptive the Friar can be as he remains very composed throughout the day, which only reinforces his superiority and confidence amongst the community. As Juliet awakes from her planned long sleep, she asks Friar Lawrence â€Å"where is my Romeo? † He tells her he â€Å"lies dead. At this point, Friar Lawrence would have been very worried about his actions and he tries to cover up the lies to fix what happened. He asks Juliet to â€Å"come, I’ll dispose of thee, among a sisterhood of holy Nuns. † Friar Lawrence is afraid of his actions and of being exposed as a failure and liar. Proposing this to Juliet would have been the l ast desperate attempt to help him remain in a good light and not ruin his reputation for good. Friar Lawrence asked Juliet to become a Nun to forget about Romeo and start a new life, however, I believe that he only suggested this because he panicked and is afraid that the secrets will be unfolded. In Friar Lawrence proposing this, it shows he has a weak side to his personality as he is portrayed as a bumbling individual who shows concerns, only for himself. Friar Lawrence may have got involved in Romeo and Juliet’s plans so much that he found it hard to let go and thought he could keep helping. The Friar knew in his mind that it was wrong to help Romeo run away with his lover, (Juliet) however, because he was more than a priest to Romeo and Juliet, he knew they were in a desperate situation and did genuinely want to help. To conclude, Friar Lawrence was a good man. Friar Lawrence played a controlling role into being responsible for the marriage, all aspects of the plans, meetings/reunions and the potion. The Friars motive never intended for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet to occur as he did come across to be genuine to both families (Montague’s and Capulet’s) by wanting to end the feud. Each narrow minded plan was planned to allow, the loved up teenagers (Romeo and Juliet) to be happy together as they were hopeful that their families would be united by their love. Friar Lawrence started off being honourable to both Romeo and Juliet as he could tell they were both in love, however as their plans go off track, one by one, he had to abuse his trusted role more and more. Friar Lawrence’s plans were intelligent because he used his knowledge in medicines and flowers to provide the potion for Juliet. With his experience of herbs and remedies, it enabled him to carry out the potion plan and without him; Juliet would not have been able to fake her own death. Some people may feel that this was a cunning and calculative plan. It can e viewed that the plan was evil as well as the character of Friar Lawrence. In my opinion, l think that the Friar wanted to help and tried to rectify matters as they went wrong to the best of his abilities, he did not think clearly about the consequences of the plans of what potentially could have gone wrong and only thought about the positive outcomes. This could be because he never had the time to sit and think thoug h it, however l thought his plans were simple and effective. Friar Lawrence always wanted to â€Å"do the right thing† since his reputation was paramount to him. In contrast to being a good character, Friar Lawrence does show an evil side to him. His behavioural response when he finds Juliet in the tomb, for example, instead of remaining with her and preventing her death, he flees when he hears the sound of people coming. In his actions, it shows his fear of accepting responsibility and his selfishness. Although Friar Lawrence’s plans seemed achievable at the time, he was naive in his assessment of the feud between the Montague and Capulet households and he hadn’t reflected fully on the implications of Romeo and Juliet’s secret and concealed marriage.

Citation and Argumentative Research Paper

Kenned Taylor Evaluator: Angela Moore Title: Pro's and Cons of Abortion What was the thesis statement of the essay? Abortions, an unethical practice of termination should be illegal because it is considered murder, can cause physiological and medical problems, and reduces the number of adoptions. How was the introduction? Did it grab your attention? If so, how? If not, what could have been done differently? The introduction was good and it did grab my attention by showing interesting facts.Did the author make a strong case for their argument? What was the strongest argument that was made? Lacked evidence for the arguments, not strong enough arguments. What was the weakest argument made? Arguments were all kind of weak How well did the author Incorporate: Facts? Yes Anecdotes? No Quotes? There wasn't many quotes In the paper. How well did the author follow the PAP formatting and citation requirements? What could have been done differently? The PAP Format could use a little more work b ut overall it was fine.The reference page needs to be finished. How well did the author do with using correct grammar and punctuation? Were there any specific areas that he or she needs to work on for future papers? (Be specific) There were a few spelling mistakes and the sentences had much grammar (Passive 1 OFF Could you determine a Christian worldview in the paper? If yes, what was it? Yes there was a Christian world view, abortion is a sin. Did the conclusion wrap up the paper without introducing new information? Yes but you need to work on length.

Anthropolgy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anthropolgy - Essay Example The social Darwinists have the notion that the strong are supposed to see their wealth and power increasing while on the other hand, the weak are supposed to experience the decline of their wealth and power. Consequently, different social Darwinists support varying views about the groups of people that are supposed to be considered strong and those to be considered as weak. They also have varying opinions as far as the precise instruments that are supposed to be used in promoting strength and availing punitive measures are concerned. Majority of these types of views put emphasis on the competition that exists among individuals when capitalism is considered while the contrary concept that is characterized by intervention by the government in social development enhances the ideas of racism, Nazism as well as imperialism and the struggle that exists between racial and national groups. Colonialisms effects on modern culture and the resulting groups problems for these people Colonialism generally makes reference to a social system whereby political subjugation that instigated by one society leads to a cultural dominance that is characterized by social change that is enforced (Jain 48). There are cultures that do not find it hard to adopt the pragmatic trade patterns that are associated with the colonialists, but many indigenous people violently rebel and make attempts to take back their cultural sovereignty as well as economic imperialism. The indigenous people were not in a position to fight against the Europeans who had guns, were deceptive and the diseases that affected the indigenous people. A perfect example of this occurrence is the manner that the Americans killed the people that were indigenous to the land that they occupy and made them move into reserves and regardless of their attempts to control their generational land, they

The Short Life and Detailed Burial of King jTutankhamun Term Paper

The Short Life and Detailed Burial of King jTutankhamun - Term Paper Example age practices of the royals.4 Thus the playing of board games was more likely pastime of the King, rather than the hunter or warrior activities of a healthy king. When Howard Carter first opened the room with King Tutankhamun’s remains, he only saw a gold wall.5 The gold wall was King Tutankhamun’s sarcophagus. Priests had prepared King Tutankhamun’s body, before wrapping it in the best linen and jewels in order to intern him in the sarcophagus. First King Tutankhamun’s internal organs were removed, and then his body was immersed into a mixture of salt and baking soda found in Egypt naturally.6 This salt was also put into every orifice in his body. The King’s brain, as was tradition in Ancient Egypt, was removed with a long needle through his nose. His internal organs were treated with this mixture as well, and unlike other mummies, these organs were placed in solid gold mini coffins to be placed in his tomb with him.7 The drying out process helped with the natural decay of a body made up mostly of water. The drying out process took seventy days before a mummy could be entombed. So the skin would not crack, oils were rubbed into the skin throughout the seventy days. This oil contained resin. The priests would chant incantations as they rubbed the King’s body. After seventy days, the priests would chant religious sayings while wrapping the King’s body. More oil was rubbed on the body; this oil was also placed in containers in his tomb.8 The best quality linen was then wrapped in layer upon layer around the body. Unlike the mummies seen in the movies and television, King Tutankhamun’s strips of linen were interwoven with oil, jewels, and gold.9 After this was done, the King’s body was placed in the one of three coffins found in the sarcophagus. King Tutankhamun’s body is currently entombed in his original burial tomb in the Valley of the Kings. The famous mask that travelled the world in the first exhibit resides in a museum in Egypt. An

Students that Mixing Work and Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Students that Mixing Work and Study - Essay Example Different old studies have shown that part-time jobs have helped students in gaining independence and responsibility; it has enhanced their confidence and assisted in their personal development (Robinson, 1999). For some students, however, part-time jobs are nothing but a burden, under which they are bound to pay for enormous financial liabilities of college expenses and/or debts. With an enormously large, and at times unaffordable, amount of college expenses that are not merely limited to tuition fee, full-time students are bound to take on a part-time job. Where it is deemed to be a healthy experience for students to learn to square the conflicting demands of school and work, the accompanying stress and emotional burdens that this inevitable routine brings is a critical problem that many full-time students have to face these days. It is imperative that for this underlying problem, a feasible solution is designed by the state authorities, but more importantly by the colleges themselves, on an independent basis. According to the US Department of Education (2011), the net price of college has risen almost 6 per cent over the last decade after inflation. Arne Duncan, the US Secretary of Education has discussed, in an address to the annual Federal Student Aid conference, to contain the rising costs of college and lessen the load of student debt. While decisions on a state level are anticipated to take shape ‘in a while’, it is suggested to colleges to provide financial assistance: like tuition grants, college-sponsored student scholarships, and low-interest loans, to full-time students who are working part-time.

Managing integrated global supply chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing integrated global supply chain - Essay Example Rolland's organization is bed-ridden with chaos as evinced by the unending stack of problems engulfing it.It is quite natural a reaction if a global retailing giant like Wal-Mart revises its opinion on including them in their preferred list of suppliersIt is a leading company after all, being consistently awarded Best Practices recognition comes from a rigorous adherence to the highest standards in the industry, and all suppliers must conform to their minimum expectations, if they wish to thrive in business. Just selling a final good product isn't enough; professional customers tend to visualize their deals as a permanent establishment of sustainable partnerships, and viable networks which, if not fulfilled, can cause tremendous loss in value and image acquired from years of consistent value delivery to 100% satisfied customers.A look into Wal-Mart's existing supplier chain can help clarify the fundamentals of their clear-cut expectations from the supplier base; from the lowest margi n of error to the highest significance attached to quality,it relentlessly pursues a zero-tolerance policy towards non-compliance, and swiftly punishes unaccountable suppliers with heavy fines, indemnities or even termination of contract.It brooks no controversies related to violation of its basic ethical policies, as specified in its supplier standard code which specifies norms on issues like child labour, medical hazards in the workplace, discrimination on any grounds, and lack of concern for the environment. Rolland's will have to walk the talk when it comes to developing as it ambitiously likes to call itself, a "world-class manufacturer." Clearly, the entire house has to be set in order for justifying the use of such a behemoth expression to qualify its present shortcomings. The key themes that must grab the management's attention are discussed here under: Lean manufacturing Lean manufacturing is an established philosophy developed originally in Japan, that seeks to eliminate the production of 7 wastes: overproduction, waiting time, transportation time, processing time, inventory, motion and scrap (wikipedia). This invariably leads to improvement in quality and reduction of manufacturing cost. How is this approach going to benefit Rolland's The case study mentions several instances which clearly project that chaos reigns supreme in the day-to-day operations over there. Huge amounts of Work-in-progress (W.I.P.) and unsold inventory forever keep the employees on their toes, always being chased as last-minute orders; the turnout of events spiraling into a big mess on the shop floor ultimately, all this leads to an undesirable rate of rejection, even at the cost of employee overtime. Rolland's can adopt the methodology of lean production in a phased-manner. It might want to do away with existing orders first before taking up fresh work. But, this time in between the intervals, it must undergo a process overhaul through extensive discussions and brainstorming sessions between the factory manager, the line and supervisory staff, and the workers. Defect areas must be clearly identified and holes be plugged in proper through innovative solutions. For example, there's a reference in case study regarding the manner in which material is handled; the finished goods' section also doubles as incoming-materials department. Clearly, such malpractices must not be allowed to continue at any cost.

PEST Analysis OF Mount Brydges Bulldogs hockey team in Canada Research Paper

PEST Analysis OF Mount Brydges Bulldogs hockey team in Canada - Research Paper Example Mount Brydges Bulldogs allows new applications from 15 year olds to start training with other team players. Acceptance shall be dependent on the residence of the applicant and existence of a vacancy within the club training resources. Hockey is a contact game with high chances of players being injured while playing. The situation is made worse through the use of Hockey sticks while playing. Management trains its players well and provides them with comfortable and stanLard playing equipment to limit the number and magnitude of accidents hence lower lawsuits. Hockey is a big tournament in Canada with a large number of young people applying each year to join this tournament. Employment rates are low given the little number (6) of NHL franchises in Canada. The government regulates the number of teams to create a scarcity of teams hence increase competition among towns that compete to host the tournament. These regulations aim at increasing viewership and to make the tournament more popular. Canadians love watching Hockey teams lay with TV viewership averaging 1.5 million per game (Keller & McGuire, 2011). The high demand results from the stiff competition among cities to host the tournament given that few cities are homes to NHL teams. Mount Brydges Bulldogs has participated in every single tournament since 1975 with three wins. The competitive nature of the team’s management guarantees that the team will always participate and perform well at the tournaments. The huge demand for viewership of the NHL tournament has not been affected by inflation rates. Ticket sales have been high all time round given the competitive nature of the league. Inflation, however, has affected the team’s ability to provide quality safe training equipment for its players prompting management to seek support from well-wishers who will assist to pay part of the bills. NHL regulates

Environmental Factors Affecting the Organization and Its Function Essay

Environmental Factors Affecting the Organization and Its Function Activities - Essay Example Of necessity then, all organizations must be adjusted to the environment in which they exist. The external environment of an organization are those factors that are outside the control of the manager but which nevertheless affect managerial decision - making. They generally affect all organizations within that society and thus they are not specific to any one firm. These environmental forces include: - Political -legal forces, economic forces, social and cultural forces. The two most important environmental are the technological forces and the internal environment. 2 Political stability is another factor i.e. organizations will change their mode of trade depending on how stable the political climate is. Presidential decrees also affects business decision - making. Business managers face a multitude of loss that limits their powers with regard to legal- political constrains. In the final analysis an organization usually cannot control what a government does. Sometimes these laws also create new opportunities for the firm. An example is compulsory recycling laws which have led to the mushrooming of the recycling industry. However, it is important for the organization to understand that the main purpose of business legislation is to give companies protection against unfair competition, protect the society's interests from being infringed by unscrupulous firms and also give consumers protection against business malpractices. (Dale, 2001) b) Economic forces Important aspects of the economy that affect the organization and human resource activities include inflation, economic growth, interest rates and employment. During periods of inflation, firms must pay more for raw materials Economic growth rate influences the demand for products while interest rate determines how much it will cost the organization to borrow money. Unemployment will influence the supply labour. Other economic factors affecting the organization are prices, savings and the availability of credit c) Social/cultural forces This environment consists of the value systems, social demographic characteristics and other basic characteristics of persons comprising the society. Such characteristics include desires, attitude, expectations, aspirations, believes, traditions, levels of educations, religions and customs of people in a given society. Religion might for instance influence people's tastes and preferences to products. Education may also influence tastes and preferences. People may have a negative attitude towards the products / services that the organization offers. The level of education would also affect the human resource function of selection and training because the low the level of education of its work forces, the more the training. The converse is true. People's lifestyles will influence the