Human Capital Management

My decision to pursue the 9-month Master of Science in Management Studies (MSMS) program on offer at MIT Sloan School of Management was largely influenced by Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)’s Faculty of Business Administration invitation as one of the participating schools for this prestigious program. CUHK’s inclusion affords me the opportunity to fulfill my lifelong desire of acquiring a top-notch global business education from a world-class university.If accepted, enrolling for the MSMS program at MIT will be a kind of a homecoming. This is because of my prior sojourn to the United States for educational and vocational purposes. I had my college education at both Bentley College, Massachusetts and Washington University in St.Louis, Missouri, and I also had a professional stint at the Human Capital Practice unit of Deloitte Consulting which took me to American cities like Houston and Los Angeles.Afterwards, I had to take a diversion to the CUHK to pursue a full -time MBA program with a concentration in China Business. This was to enable me become well-grounded in modern Chinese business practices and also to catch up on developments leading to the emergence of China as the next global economic superpower.When I learnt about the CUMBA/MIT MSc in Management Studies Dual Degree Option, it turned out to be an opportunity of a lifetime. I discovered that the program will not only permit me to continue expanding on my knowledge of Chinese business but also empower me to develop a solid background on global best practices in international management.My academic interests will be focused majorly on issues bordering on work, labor, and employment relations as well as human resource management, labor market issues, and related public policies. I will like to investigate how to retain and motivate employees using incentives other than just pecuniary compensation. In addition, I will also be interested in examining key business topics like supply chai ns and corporate complianceEnrolling for the MIT Sloan MSMS program will also enable me to take advantage of MIT Sloan’s impressive research facilities and resources. Of particular interest to me is the Institute for Work & Employment Research (IWER), where I will be conducting a considerable piece of the research towards fulfilling my thesis requirements.I will be glad to tap into the institute’s over 50 years legacy of research and teaching about the changing world of work and employment and discover how I can apply the acquired know-how in the Chinese business terrain.Also worth exploring for me in greater depth is the MIT Sloan Management Review, the preeminent quarterly academic journal. I am a huge fan of this reliable source of innovative ideas for the 21st century business leader and would love the opportunity to contribute scholarly articles, or even get my Master’s thesis featured in a future edition of the journal.MIT Sloan’s intellectually eng aging student body, forward-thinking faculty, and extensive alumni network complete the list of key reasons for selecting the management school as my preferred destination for advanced degree study.I look forward to the prospect of meeting and collaborating with great minds, especially Professor Thomas Kochan, Co-director of IWER and George Maverick Bunker Professor of Management. I would be drawing a lot of inspiration from his thoughts and scholarly works on industrial relations, work and employment.ANSWER TO QUESTION NO. 2Restructuring Human Capital Management (HCM) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in China would probably be a thesis topic I would pursue. Why? Because, often times, in China, the primary focus for company managers are how to reduce overhead cost, make huge profits, and deliver the highest possible returns for shareholders.For managers that care less about long term, this narrow, profit- oriented approach to business may suffice, but only for a very short period of time. However, for companies that want to stand the test of time and survive the vagaries of modern day business, a more balanced management style is non-negotiable.Of course, most Chinese companies already have structures in place to cater to Human Capital Management, and Corporate Social Responsibility. The essence of this thesis however, is to suggest ways to reform these structures and make it a little more robust and engaging.

Advantages of Living with Parents in College Essay

When we see graduation caps in the sky, accompanied with laughter, applause and cry, it is a signal that we just welcome ourselves to the new world after high school. As we step into a college world as a new and fresh collegian, there are many facets that we have to think and decide, especially accommodation. Some people choose to live in the college dorms – making new friends and having more social activities, some other choose to share a house with couple of housemates, or just simply rent a flat and live independently. But, there are some that just decide to stay in town and live with their family. This last choice has three main advantages that we can consider: expense, support, and facilities. The first basic advantage of living with family, or parents, is expense. Imagine hearing your door knocked in the morning, and facing your landlord who demands your rent paid as the start of the day? Or when you can’t dial any number in the phone because you haven’t paid the telephone bill? And, the worst, when you don’t even have enough money to buy yourself breakfast because your parents haven’t sent you any monthly money? Well, you won’t have that drove of problems when you live with your parents. Expenses like food (especially healthy and delicious food), telephone, electricity, and many other will be covered by your parents, so that you can still save your own personal money. You don’t even have to pay more for movies or other leisure things when you hang out with your family. This first aspect of living with family is very, very efficient and helpful to save money! Another important facet of living with your parents is support. Being with family and living in your own home help you a lot when you have your transition phase from high school or college. It would be easier not to face other transition major adaptations, like being lonely in your own room, feeling aloof from family, meeting new hostile roommate who you are not connected to and start to adjust your own finance. You will have your family right beside you, and you will always feel like home. You will also be discipline and controlled since you still have curfew and ‘parents rules’. You can also keep your old friends around you, and you won’t even have to give up your old routines like playing tennis with your dad every Saturday or working in the grotesque diner down the street. This second advantage can make you feel like you are still the old you and you don’t even have to give up a thing. Last but not least, facilities can also be another advantage of living with your parents. You will still have anything you need for college like computer, electricity, internet, printer, scanner, or even fax machine, and they are all for free! Yet again, no expenses wasted. You also don’t have to wait the jamming docket bus that comes late in the morning, because you have transportation that keeps you punctual – somehow going to college in your mum’s car is okay! There won’t be any piling laundry because they are all taken care of. You can also have your own bathroom with hot water and hairdryer, plus clean towels every night. The point is it will be much easier for you to have your needed facility when you’re at home, especially without spending any cent. Living outside your house, like in the dorms or flats, won’t give you this kind of comfort. These three advantages show us that living with parents might be embarrassing and less challenging, but it can be considered since it saves a lot of money and gives you a lot of comfort and support. It can even be less expensive than sharing a house with other housemates! From not paying much of expenses, living in your old room every night, and having more facilities, doesn’t it sound like fun?

Country School Research Critique

Qualitative Study Evaluation Eleanor Vernice Siyon u7a1 Capella University Quarter & Year: Summer 2012 Address (optional): City, State, Zip (optional): Phone (optional): E-mail: [email  protected] edu Instructor:Pat Ryan Qualitative Study Evaluation The one- teacher country school is largely the past practice of the American educational institution. This one teacher setting was characteristic of the recitation process used by students to â€Å"recite† to the teacher what one had learned from their lessons.The teacher characteristically would ask questions of their students during their process to glean the answers and evaluate the progress of their students. Traditionally these classrooms consisted of multi-age, multi-grade level all situated in one classroom with one teacher. This evaluation is about one such educational system in the state of Nebraska. It is an ethnographic study title â€Å" Notes on a Country School Tradition: Recitation as an Individual Strategy† The stated purpose of this study was to view the practices of some of the one-teacher schools and to determine what may be learned from them.This evaluation will proceed by evaluating the validity and effectiveness of this research in its relation to the following categories within the study. The categories are as follows: the problem statement, review of the literature, the purpose statement and central phenomenon, validity of the data collection, validity of data analysis and findings, and the quality of writing and its consistency with the qualitative criteria. 1 Evaluation of the Title The title of the study â€Å" Notes on a Country School Tradition: Recitation as an Individual Strategy† This title does not reflect the central phenomenon being studied. Feature Article  Country School  Allen CurnowThe central phenomenon is the investigation of recitation in a one-teacher school as a patterned and functional response to the conditions of smallness, and it’s interrelationship to parental and community expectations, along with the inevitable transfer of these students to larger middle and secondary schools in an environment in defense of their way of life at a time of rural social and economic decline. The title does reflect the site (country school) and the people. 2 Evaluation of the Problem Statement The author does have an educational issue to study, though not clearly stated in the problem statement.It may be assumed due to the fact that many of the children taught in this recitation method in the small schools went on to do very well in the large secondary and middle school settings. Therefore, a comparison of this small school approach and the differing large school approach is worthy of further educational study. I b elieve that the author has provided evidence that this issue is important because of the research that is stated about the benefits of smaller schools and the success of the students once they leave the one class environment.There is an indication that the author has located this issue through past research as he mentions the various literature that he has read in the past about this subject matter. I feel that this study may have been more beneficial as a mixed design approach. The ethnographic design did give an excellent insight into the values of the rural people and the day to day activities of the students and teacher. It was also very helpful to see firsthand how the recitation process worked.But there are other variables in the problem statement such as: recitation as a functional response to smallness, conservatism toward knowledge and learning, and parental and community expectations. An indication of how these variables correlate to the acceptance of this method of educat ion may have been handled more effectively with a correlational approach. The assumptions of the study seem to be more consistent with a mixed methods approach. 3 Evaluation of the Review of the Literature The author does present reviews on the effects and various studies regarding class size.I do not believe he provided literature that specifically analyzes his research problem. I also felt his literature base was scant. But he does state that very little if any existed for the one teacher one class school room. The study does follow the APA style. 4 Evaluation of the Purpose and Research Questions The purpose and research questions were not fully apparent to me. I have an idea of what he was attempting to answer but I feel his questions and purpose was lost in the narrative and I felt as if I was reading a very interesting story about a rural school.Perhaps this author attempted to answer the purpose within the narrative. If he did so, I don’t feel the question was fully ex pressed or answered. I see no evidence of subquestions whatsoever 5 Evaluation of Data Collection The data collection was quite informative. It gave daily schedules and also listed the children, their ages, grades, studies, and gave backgrounds about family histories, etc. I feel that the data collection is very understandable and clearly specified with adequate titles and understandable tables. They were an easy read.The author shows evidence of using protocol as his data is arranged in an orderly and organized fashion that matches what one is reading at the time. 6 Evaluation of Data Analysis and Findings The author did an excellent job in putting the text into themes. I am not convinced that his categories did enough to relate his central phenomenon. The author did get a lot of useful quotes from the teacher, parents, and students which showed support for this way of life. Multiple layered themes were derived in terms of why the parents and the teacher thought this was the best f orm of education. I did not find that the findings fully answered he research questions. In the end the question of recitation as a functional response to smallness was just not clear to me. In fact I saw it more as a function of tradition and a desire of the community to stick with what works for them. The findings were did not match the research problem therefore they were not accurate. The author in my opinion, started with one central question and somehow put together something else which amounted to a view of a country school and the impact on the cty and students and teacher on a daily basis. Multiple perspectives were not explored in terms of those outside of this community.All findings were represented in narrative discussions. 7 Evaluation of the Writing This account was written persuasively and convincingly. It was written from a first person point of view consistent with the qualitative research design. The writing was lively and there was use of the various literary appr oaches such as metaphor, simile, and various other literary details. The author carefully and figuratively describes the settings in a number of instances. He also carefully describes the physical appearance of at least one child to the delight of the reader.I enjoyed reading it as it read like an exciting story and gave me a delightful look into the educational, and daily life of the participants. The study is written from a personal point of view and it is written appropriately for the intended audience which is a journal entry. 8 Conclusion I really enjoyed reading this study. But in the end I felt that the author did not present his research in such a way that shed any light on his central question. If his purpose was just to show us the workings of the one-class system and why the rural community wanted it to stay he accomplished his mission.But his central purpose states that: â€Å" I investigate the residual form of the recitation in a modern one-teacher school in rural Neb raska as a patterned response to the conditions of smallness. Conservative in its orientation toward knowledge and student learning, the recitation is explored as a functional response to the context of smallness, implicit parental and community expectations, inevitable student transfer to large graded middle and secondary schools, and its symbolic defense of community at a time of rural social and economic decline. I could not find any indication that recitation was a patterned response due to conditions of smallness or as a functional response to the context of smallness. References Barker, R, & Gump, P. (964). Big school, small school: High school size and student behavior. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press. Cohen, D. K. (988). Teaching practice: Plus ca change †¦ In P. W. Jackson (Ed. ), Contributing to educational change: Perspectives on research and practice (pp. 27-84). Berkeley, CA: McCutcheon. Cuban, L. (1994). How teachers taught: Constancy and change in American classrooms.New York: Teachers College Press. Darling-Hammond, L. (1997). The right to learn: A blue-printfor creating schools that work. San Francisco: jossey-Bass. DeWalt, M. (997). One-room school: Current trend in public and private education (Research Report). Rock Hill, SC: Winthrop University. Drabenstott, M. (1999, 1st Quarter). Consolidation in U. S. agriculture: The new rural landscape and public policy. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review. Elmore, R E (996). Getting down to scale with good educational practice. Harvard Educational Review, 6

Mary Parker Folletts strategy as practice and leadership Essay

Mary Parker Folletts strategy as practice and leadership - Essay Example Micromanagement and establishing rigorous control systems to ensure performance were also part of the scientific management approach which led to conflict between management and employees (Mullins 2004). Follett was indicating that management involves acknowledgement of a variety of factors pertaining to worker characteristics that are inclusive of psychological needs and motivations and the sociological condition, thus defying scientific management’s effectiveness. Follett was attempting to illustrate that in order to create functional strategy and improve organisational performance, managers must develop leadership traits, avoiding the process of over-managing workers and instead seeking followership rather than command and control systems. This management philosopher, quite ahead of her time, saw organisations as complex organisms that required interaction between disparate manager and employee personalities and differing psychological tendencies in order to maximise employ ee productivity and commitment. This essay performs a critical appraisal of Mary Parker Follett’s assessment of the organisation, in order to outperform competition focusing specifically on the concepts of organisational complexity, the structure and purpose of complex adaptive systems, the impact of Follett’s viewpoint on leadership obligations and compares this to the practice perspective in real-world organisations. Based on the research on contemporary strategic management. (Mullins 2004).

Those Winter Sundays Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Those Winter Sundays Poem - Essay Example The entire first stanza paints a very clear picture of the scene. The father â€Å"put on his clothes in the blueblack cold, / then with cracked hands that ached / from labor in the weekday weather made / banked fires blaze† (2-5). Words such as ‘blueblack’ evoke images of the pre-dawn morning just before the first light begins to lighten the sky from the pitch dark of midnight. Associating this immediately with the word cold causes one to think of the bone-chilling emptiness of space, the physical pain of crawling out of a warm bed while half-dressed. This image is compounded by the idea of his cracked hands due to his age and accustomed chores, which cause his hands to be exposed to the elements on a regular basis. In case there was any question, the author even states outright that the father’s hands ached, and yet he dragged himself out of bed before anyone else to make sure that the fire was going well to warm the house before anyone else needed to get out of bed. This scene is reinforced by the imagery of the second stanza in which the narrator describes the breaking up of the cold as if it were the breaking up of the river ice. It is heard â€Å"splintering, breaking† (6) until the house finally becomes warm enough for the children to be called from their beds. This imagery presents the dedication of the father in ways that simply stating the father’s love wouldn’t do. This imagery is coupled with the use of contrasts to make the meaning of the poem clear. After describing the tender scene of the father getting up in the terrible cold in order to make the house warm, the narrator talks about his fears getting out of bed in the warmth the father has provided. â€Å"slowly, I would rise and dress, / fearing the chronic angers of that house† (8-9). While the father gets up to a bitter cold, the child rises to fears of too much heat. Throughout the poem, it is made clear that

A Culture That Supports Financial Acumen Part II Assignment

A Culture That Supports Financial Acumen Part II - Assignment Example by equipping all employees with basic skills in financial profitability, it is easier to expect that the actions of all these people will be focused on the achievement of the financial goals of the organization. Today, there is a new trend with cross-functional team work, which requires that all employees work together as a team. This however cannot be possible when financial acumen is not part of the skills of all employees (Brigham & Houston, 2013). I admire your post for a lot of things but more importantly is the fact that you stressed on the need to make financial acumen everybody’s business at the workplace. Indeed several organizations have failed to experience the full benefits of financial acumen because the whole concept has been made to center round only a few people. Because of lack of understanding for the concept, it is always difficult to get the support of others in implementing strategies that foster financial growth (Brigham & Houston, 2013). Based on personal experience, I realize that some other ways in which organizations can make financial acumen work from a collective perspective is by promoting cross-functional roles. Such roles will ensure that those in departments not directly related to finance will have a means of working with the financial experts. By so doing, the transfer of knowledge from those high on financial acumen can easily go down to those low on financial

Nursing in a legal and ethical environment in Australia Essay

Nursing in a legal and ethical environment in Australia - Essay Example lia or NMBA (AHPRA, 2013; AHPRA, 2013b; ANMAC, 2013). The OH&S Act of 2004 took effect on July 1 2005 with the effect of governing the health and safety of workers in Australia, superseding an older law that had the same name and dating back to 1985. This latter legislation is vital in that it lays the legal framework for worker protection and the securing of that as well as the worker’s health through cooperation between employees and employers and through self-employed individuals and the government and concerned agencies (Australian Legal Information Institute, 2013b). The Victorian Charter of Human Rights, as the name implies, is a fundamental charter that forms the foundation of the acknowledged human rights in the state of Victoria, and used as foundation for a large body of precedent law on issues relating to human rights for all kinds of workers, including those in the health care system, and the people that they interact with (Australian Legal Information Institute, 2 013; Law Institute of Victoria Limited, 2012). The National Registration and Accreditation Scheme or NRAS, on the other hand, is an accreditation scheme that started in 2010 and had the purpose of making sure that professionals in the health care field are vetted and accredited by a single governing body. The list of professionals in this scheme include dentists, medical doctors, chiropractic experts, Chinese medicine practitioners, pharmacists, nurses and midwives, occupational therapists, medical radiation professionals, osteopathy professionals, physiotherapists, podiatrists, and psychologists. The idea is each of the professional associations known as National Boards in the healthcare field have their own sets of rules and regulations, standards for admission, and professional guidelines and codes, while the NRAS provides aid in administration to the National Boards via the AHPRA as the coordinating agency and the agency tasked with administration duties for the NRAS (Commonweal th of Australia, 2013). II. Regulations that Govern the Advocacy of Patient Rights, Duty of Care In the OH& S Act, there are provisions relating to the performance of skills only to the levels to which the performer has been trained, to secure the safety and the well-being, as well as the security of patients under the care of the performer of the tasks. Moreover, there are aspects of patient rights that are protected by the code of ethics and the rules of behavior embodied in the charters of the National Boards, as well as in the NRAS, and the governing and accreditation bodies including the AHPRA, the ANMAC, and the NMBA. It can be said that this body of codes altogether guarantee a level of professionalism and a degree of competency required for professionals, by way of securing the safety and the well-being of the patients. Moreover, duty of care provisions are likewise embodied in the codes of conduct and the codes of ethics, as well as the rules and regulat

Shopping the Smart Way Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Shopping the Smart Way - Essay Example Throughout our day to day lives, we perform and complete millions of tasks. We often go through the motions, not beginning to consider how many tiny steps go into all of the things we do during a given day. However, if we considered each of our activities as a process, we could see things in a whole new light. If we took the time to consider our day to day, we would realize that there are many careless errors involved in the tasks we perform, which sometimes even lead us to not complete these tasks. Even our completed tasks contain many errors. We could, perhaps, improve our efficiency as well as the amount of time spent on various tasks we perform throughout a day. By carefully observing a process step by step, you can see which of its components work and which do not. One such component that can be a part of anyone’s day to day life, one which can be improved upon, is going grocery shopping.... It’s a busy time of year for you at your job and you had to sacrifice your lunch hour and break in order to get your work done. You come home after this seemingly never-ending day, ready to fix yourself your favorite dinner before you turn in for the night. You reach your refrigerator only to find empty shelves and drawers. At this point, it seems like you don’t have very many options. You sigh, grabbing your keys and heading right back out the door you had just come through. As you’re getting in your car, your phone rings. It is your friend telling you he’s coming over. You offer to pick him up if he will help you with your grocery shopping. He agrees and you go pick him up. Once you have picked this friend up, you reluctantly drive to the supermarket. You look over at the checkout counters as you walk in and see the lines are very long. It’s dinner time and the supermarket is full of people getting last minute items they need. You decide you need to hurry up through the supermarket aisles so that you can get on line before it gets any worse. You and your friend devise a plan where you will split up and each start on a different side of the supermarket, meeting in one of the middle aisles Since you went there on such a whim, you have no list. You decide to go aisle by aisle, looking to see what you need in each. You walk up and down the aisles, looking at everything that meets your eye and finding some things you needed, but indulging more in things you don’t need, reasoning that you are allowed to splurge for whatever reason. You and your friend meet in the middle and put the contents of your separate baskets into a cart. You’re satisfied as you make your way down the last aisle toward the checkout counter, considering the fact

Individual Data Analysis Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Individual Data Analysis Report - Assignment Example Although he has enough knowledge needed to start such an upscale restaurant, he is unsure about the demand for such a restaurant in the city. The city had a population of nearly 500,000 but he could not provide any assurance regarding the taste or the income which would generate the demand for his restaurant. In such a situation, Michael requires to collect some additional information, on the basis of which he will succeed in promoting his restaurant properly and make the design, choices and price as per the preferable choice of the customers. In this context, the project aims to answer the questions raised by Michael and suggest him the most suitable way that he should choose to make his new business intervention profitable. The questions are as follows: Is there sufficient demand for such an upscale restaurant in the city? How much price are the patrons or the potential customers willing to pay? What should be the operating and design characteristics of the store? Where should the restaurant be located in the city? What should be the promotional strategy that the organization should follow? In order to find the answers to these questions, the study intends to frame certain hypotheses and find the answers to the questions by accepting or rejecting those. The study also uses descriptive analysis and frequencies to facilitate the process of finding the answers to the questions. Finally, the paper will be providing the necessary recommendations to Michael. Preliminary Analysis In the preliminary analysis, descriptive analysis and analysis using the frequencies is done and it is focused on finding answers to the questions raised by Michael. Frequencies of categorical variable The frequencies of the categorical variable when performed, it firstly found that the people of the metropolitan city where Michael is intending to open his business, about 100 percent of the people do eat in this type of upscale restaurant at least once in every two weeks. The analysis also revealed that maximum people is seen to pay $110 towards their meal in the restaurant for each month, which is unlike the expectation of Michael. When the survey participants were asked for their opinion on the average price charged for an evening meal entree, they are found to spend $16 for evening meal entree itself (See Appendix I). The analysis shows that about 96.3 percent of the respondents watch radio. Among those 96.3 percent, maximum of the respondents are found to be listening to rock music. The next higher percent listens to news or the talk shows. Among the participants of the survey, about 89 percent of the respondents are found to be the viewers of the local news channel. Out of these respondents, maximum percent is the viewers of 10:00 news. Among the 94.5 percent of the respondents who are the readers of newspaper, a majority of the respondents are more interested in the local news. Therefore, the overall analysis reveals that a majority of the sample who participate d in the study are interested in newspaper and radio as their most preferable media which they listen to often. The least preferred one is television. Thus, it can be suggested that among these three, Michael can choose

If you invest $20 million in China Research Paper

If you invest $20 million in China - Research Paper Example The economy’s growth potential therefore identifies room for more investments and capitalizing $ 20 million dollars is not likely to stretch the economy’s resources (Oecd 33). Another significant macroeconomic indicator for determining investment decision in a country is the trend in inflation rate. Inflation defines a steady and significant rise in commodity prices. It can similarly be defined as a continuous decrease in the value of money in an economy. Inflation would therefore induce a loss in invested money because the investment’s value will be lower than the original one and even derived profits might not be able to compensate for the loss from inflation. Inflation trends in China however offer a good indicator because it has conveyed a decreasing trend. The inflation rate was for example reported at 6.9 in the year 2004 and the value had steadily decreased to 2.5 by the year 2008. The steady trend further projects high probability of lower inflation rates in future and this means that an invested amount in the economy is not likely to lose its value. The trend that can be forecasted to persist further shows that an investment in China has high chances of gaining value as the country’s inflation rate continue to decrease (Oecd 33). A review of the past trend of China’s consumer price index also offers a basis for determining prospects of investing the $ 20 million in the economy. The macroeconomic indicator defines percentage change in a group of commodities’ weighted prices and is related to inflation. A fall in consumer price index, as represented by the Chinese economy therefore implies economic stability and improving money’s value with time. The index was for example reported at about four in the year 2004 and... Business organizations are established with the prime objective of making profit through entrepreneurial ventures that may identify diversified economic risk. It is therefore necessary to analyze economic environment around a business in order to understand its possible risks and benefits before deciding on establishing a business. Making decisions over which economy to invest in may require analysis of microeconomic and macroeconomic factors of economies of interest for evaluation and comparison of involved risks and benefits. Similarly, an investor who has focused on one economy needs to evaluate the economy’s factors before establishing a venture. In this paper, the potential and risks of investing $ 20 million in China are investigated, based on the country’s macro and microeconomic indicators. The country’s major challenges are however its banking system that is strictly regulated by the government and its currency that does not reflect real value against other currencies. The government’s regulation may hinder delivery of quality and unbiased banking services and may allow for government control on investments. Trends in China’s macroeconomic indicators identify investment potential in the economy that indicates high probability of further expansion and favorable economic factors. The increasing real gross domestic product, decreasing inflation rate, and falling consumer price index indicates the economy’s trend of increasing stability that is safe for investments. Even though government control over banks and the country’s currency are threats to investment in China, the identifiable potentials are more significant.

Rocky Gognon General Contarctor Essay Example for Free

Rocky Gognon General Contarctor Essay Rocky Gagnon is 50 years old carpenter who wants to make some changes for the way he earns his money. Due to his health condition especially his back, instead of working hard physically, he wants to work with his mind by creating an effective house-building team which includes various type of construction workers. Gagnon wants to continue his life as a general contractor, but as a general contractor he encounters some problems of building a team; therefore he has hired a well-known and respected business professor from the local community to serve as an adviser and mediator. Most of the problems he faces are due to a lack of cohesiveness and cooperation between the contractors which create big problems to form an effective work team. Rocky Gagnon must know the stages of developing a group such as forming, storming, norming and performing. All contractors should work together for one common goal and they should respect to work of each other. It is very important to know that level of respect should come from one individual with the organization. The best solution is Rocky Gagnon as a leader should inform the team of what it takes to establish effective work team. The team must educate on understanding of roles and group norms, common goals, a positive team identity, good working relationship, shared responsibility, respect, positive energy, trust, willingness to cooperate, unity, good communication, pride in membership, and synergy. An effective team and leadership will reduce the problems of the work team. Rocky Gagnon should also know how to build a team. A team has a small number of people with good skills who are committed to a same purpose, set of performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. Work teams, project and development teams, parallel teams, management teams, transnational teams and virtual teams are the example of team types.

Going global means new frontiers Essay Example for Free

Going global means new frontiers Essay Introduction On the 19th Sep. 2014, the world’s largest initial public offering (IPO) was successfully completed in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), U.S., and the total IPO amount has reached up to $25 billion (Chen. Mac. Solomon. 2014). Alibaba, the miracle creator, used only 15-year’s development to take the seat in the Wall Street and build an e-commercial empire. The NYSE’s IPO is the signal to tell global investors and competitors that Alibaba is ready to join the global market competition. For Alibaba, going global means new frontier, however, the new frontier could be either a barren cliff or cornucopian grassland. In this essay, we will mainly discuss that why Alibaba want to expand global markets, and how Alibaba is going to make the global strategies to against global competitors in overseas market. by avoiding direct competition, targeting similar market as China and increasing firm size in the global market environment to step into a â€Å"grassland† market for persistent development. Alibaba the world’s largest online and mobile commerce company, was established in 1999 by the group of 18 people led by Jack Ma in Hangzhou, China. There are three main sites in Alibaba China, including T-mall, Taobao and Alibaba.com along with numbers of other companies to support Alibaba’s ecosystem development. Moreover, Alibaba also has Alibaba.com and AliExpress.com to provide worldwide online shopping services (Pressman 2014). Until 2013, Alibaba has more than 2 million merchants across more than 190 countries and regions. In 2013, there was amount of $248 billion transactions went through Alibaba’s online sites which is more than the total of eBay and Amazon. Furthermore, after the NYSE’s IPO, Alibaba’s market cap has reached up to 215 billion dollar, which only followed behind Microsoft, Google and Apple among the global tech firms (Lajoie Shearman. 2014). Global Market Expansion (convention path: from domestic to overseas) Why Alibaba want to expand global market?  Alibaba is a typical Multi-national corporation, since Alibaba set up the headquarter in the China and operate e-commerce businesses in other  countries. in As a typical multi-national corporation, going global to exploit new distant market, to merge into larger and more efficient units and to exploit better social capital is an irresistible process for Alibaba. As the dominator in the China’s online shopping market, Alibaba has already controlled 80% of the market share, thus Alibaba needs new distant markets for persistent development. Moreover, For Alibaba, both the internal capabilities and external environment allows Alibaba to make the global market expansion decision. For the internal capabilities, Alibaba is a mature Internet corporation, which has controlled 80% of the China’s online shopping market. China’s market profits could constantly provide enormous capital support for Alibaba’s long-term market expansion. Moreover, after the NYSE’s IPO, Alibaba has won the trust from global investors and acquired sufficient capital for early market expansion. However, the challenges always exist during the process of the market expansion, especially from the local e-commercial corporations. Despite of the competition, high cost for setting up facilities, cultural shock, and different government policies would also be main concerns before the decision was made. Thus, I have listed three main strategies below to demonstrate Alibaba’s global market expansion. Avoiding direct competition Instead of â€Å"face to face† competition with those locally dominant e-commercial corporations, Alibaba decided to operate their business around the market edges and move partial of e-commercial businesses to cross-country trade. In 2004, The America’s largest e-commercial corporationeBay entered the Chinese market by merger with a Chinese e-commercial corporation—EachNet. In order to against eBay, Alibaba decided to launch Taobao, one of the main sites under Alibaba for C2C (customer to customer) business model, compete with eBay. Because of Taobao’s preponderant business model and domestic advantages, eBay finally failed in China’s e-commercial market expansion (Wang, 2010). Right now, Alibaba faced the same challenge in the America’s market, but Alibaba will not make the same mistake as eBay did. In order to avoid direct competition with eBay and Amazon, Alibaba has launched AliExpress for cross-country trade wholesale by offering quality products at factory prices. As the advantages, Chinese  products have unbeatable prices to attract American customers; also Chinese customers have strong demands for American high quality products (like Cherry Farmers and Fisherman). Although it’s too earlier to claim the final result of Alibaba, to avoid direct competition is always a good way to enter a new market without too much pressure from local competitors. Finding similar market as China Alibaba’s global strategies are more likely targeting the large and potential e-commercial market as China’s market. For instance, Brazil, as one of the largest developing economy in the world, the economy status and e-commercial structure in Brazil is really similar as in China. ALthough, eBay and Amazon has already settled down in the Brazil’s market, it’s always not too late for Alibaba overtakes the dominance. In 2013, Alibaba set up a Portuguese e-commerce site to allow Brazil buyers directly purchase goods from Chinese wholesalers. Just in a year, Alibaba has became the third largest e-commercial website and took 20% of market share after Ebay and Amazon. In this July 12 millions of Brazilian customers visited the Alibaba.com, which is ten times than last year (Sciaudone, 2014). Moreover, in Brazil’s market, Alibaba wisely used the local sub-contractor to reduce investment and improve service quality, which subcontracted the online payment services to Boleto and delivery services to Brazil’s state-owned postal service (Pressman, 2014). To make it even better, Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff and Chinese President Xi Jingping have signed the agreement to open the â€Å"Green Channel† to support Alibaba’s business between two countries (Chao, 2014). All in all, the success in the Brazil’s market indicated that to find the similar market is a feasible strategy for future development. Increasing the firm size As a typical multi-national corporation, Alibaba effectively applied the law of increasing firm size, ‘which have rapidly growth in the representative size of the firm, culminating in the MNC, and the parallel growth in organizational complexity’ (Hymer, 1970). E-commercial is the fundamental business for Alibaba’s long-term development, but not the only business Alibaba does or will do. As the range of investments show below, Alibaba  made plenty of investments in smart phone, video websites, telecommunication and so on. Some of them are complement businesses to support Alibaba’s e-commercial, like Juhuasuan, Alipay and Alibaba pictures; and some of them are potential businesses for long-term development, like Kabam, Peel, and Tango. Like Jack Ma has said in the Stanford Business School’s presentation, Alibaba would always follow the market’s path, where is the market, where is the Alibaba. Alibaba believed those investments are the future market and opportunities. On the global market expansion, Alibaba’s strategy is to pursue dynamic, diversified, sustaining development. Impacts on global market and host region With the development of Alibaba, the global e-commerce businesses will absolutely more competitive than before. There will be more and more cheaper and quality products flow into global market from China. Other e-commercial corporations, like eBay and Amazon, have to find the way out to against Alibaba’s expansion. On the other hand, Alibaba’s global market expansion will provide more opportunities and channels for China’s manufactories and factories to enter into a larger market. As Alibaba’s mission said, ‘to make it easy to do business anywhere.’ Alibaba help China’s merchants to do business much easier and more efficient. Conclusion It is indeed that Alibaba made a great success in 15-year development, but some concerns still exist from investors. Some investors even thought it’s possible that Alibaba is too big to be expropriated by Chinese government (Crovitz, 2014). However, It’s a totally misunderstanding, Chinese government always encourage and support China’s corporations to exploit overseas market and welcome foreign investment. Furthermore, investors also consider the instability to an Internet company. Unlike other industries, such as auto or manufacture industry, Internet Company is highly volatile. Internet Company could create billions of fortunes overnight, but also could lose everything instantly. In this case, it’s a significant mission for Alibaba to keep investors’ trust and faith. Up to now, Alibaba’s steady-state growth and expansion is the best response to investors’ trust and support. For 15-year development, Alibaba completely followed the conventional path from serve domestic market to operate businesses overseas. Eventually, Alibaba has successfully built an e-commercial businesses bridge between China and overseas market. Alibaba will continue to grow, and it will continue to change China and change the world. As William Kirby, and expert on Chinese business in Harvard’s business school, demonstrated that Alibaba is ‘a private company that has done more for China’s national economy than most state-owned enterprises (Economist, 2013).’ References Chen, Liyan; Mac, Ryan; Solomon Brian. Alibaba Claims Title For Largest Global IPO Ever With Extra Share Sales. Forbes. Web. Available from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2014/09/22/alibaba-claims-title-for-largest-global-ipo-ever-with-extra-share-sales/ [Accessed on: 14/11/2014] Crovit, Gordon L. 2014. Alibaba: Too Big to Expropriate? The Wall Street Journal. Web. Available from: http://online.wsj.com/articles/gordon-crovitz-alibaba-too-big-to-expropriate-1411339239 [Accessed on: 14/11/2014] Hymer, Stephen. 1970. Lecture notes distributed in Global Business Environment at The University of Birmingham U.K. on November 2014. INC. 2014. How Alibabas Jack Ma Conquered China. INC. Video. Web. Available from: http://www.inc.com/jack-ma/alibaba-jack-ma-reveals-his-global-strategy.html [Accessed on: 14/11/2014] Osawa, Juro. Alibaba Isn’t the Amazon of China. The Wall Street Journal. Web. Available from: http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2013/10/16/alibaba-isnt-the-amazon-of-china/ [Accessed on: 15/11/2014] Pressman, Aaron. Alibaba a threat to eBay, Amazon outside the U.S., not within. Yahoo Finance. Web. Available from: http://finance.yahoo.com/news/alibaba-aims-at-ebay-and-amazon-outside-of-the-united-states-173757037.html [Accessed on: 14/11/2014] Sciaudone, Christiana. 2014. Alibaba in Brazil Challenges EBay-Amazon Market Grip. Bloomberg. Web. Available from: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-05/alibaba-in-brazil-challenges-ebay-amazon-market-grip.html [Accessed on: 14/11/2014] Shearman, Nick; Lajoie, Marc. 2014. What is Alibaba?. The Wall Street Journal. Web. Available from: http://projects.wsj.com/alibaba/ [Accessed on: 14/11/2014] The Economist. 2013. The World’s greatest bazaar. The Economist. Web. Available from: http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21573980-alibaba-trailblazing-chinese-internet-giant-will-soon-go-public-worlds-greatest-bazaar [Accessed on: 20/11/2014] Wang, Helen H. 2010. How eBay Failed in China. Forbes. Web. Available from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/china/2010/09/12/how-ebay-failed-in-china/ [Accessed on: 20/11/2014] http://www.cnbc.com/id/102008330#.

Gothic Culture And Modern Fashions Cultural Studies Essay

Gothic Culture And Modern Fashions Cultural Studies Essay Towards the end of the seventies there emerged a new youth subculture that stemmed from the fragmenting Punk scene commonly referred to as Goth. Goth appeared to assume the trappings of Gothic literature and film which was primarily based on Baroque art. As such, members of the Goth subculture converted the characteristic features of this literature as well as film wherein they transformed them into a form of resistance to suburban Britain. Subsequently, this resistance by the Goth migrated to other regions including America as well as Australia which were presumably perceived not only to be small minded but also dull. The link between the Goth subculture and Gothic literature is not clear. This is because the translation of literature into street style has often been approached with bemusement or simply overlooked by a significant number of scholars. However, the two subjects draw a strong relation through the medium of fashion. In these respect, the designer Gareth Pugh has emerged out as one of the most interesting as well as unique figures in the world of fashion from London. Pughs style entrenched in Goth subculture quite clearly depends on a spectacular style or sets of styles from which the artist invents his identity. This primarily represents another characteristic feature of Gothics preoccupation with clothes and as such fashion. It is the presumption of this paper that the Goth sub-culture has had tremendous influence on fashion that has changed the way in which clothing is represented in Gothic discourses. Goth History A significant chunk of the Goth subculture and the resurgence of interest in this way of life emphasizes on the mutation of Goth into an autonomous youth subculture towards the close of the seventies. This explains the relatively young age of proponents such as Gareth Pugh who further the ideal of the Goth sub-culture through fashion. During the seventies, the Goth culture was led by post punk groups including the Birthday Party, The Sisters of Mercy, Bauhus, Siouxsie and the Banshees (Spooner and Spooner, 2004). The groups led other Goth adherents to the Goth style that combined the graveyard exorcism of 19th century mourning costume and perverse sexuality of fetish with the nihilism of Punk to create a macabre aesthetic. The garments that the adherents adorned were predominantly black. However, according to Spooner and Spooner, (2004)these were accessorised with memento mori motifs and vampire makeup as fig. 1 illustrates. Fig. 1 Gothic Fashion Although the main period of the popularity of the Goth Spanned in the eighties, the culture has proved to be remarkably long living as it has persisted both in the 1990s and ultimately into the twenty first century. In the mid eighties towards the late 1990s, there however emerged cultural figures that began heralding the revival of the Gothic culture by pointing out the increased number of bands that were largely influenced by the Goth subculture including Garbage, Marilyn Manson together with their black dressed acolytes (Spooner and Spooner, 2004). Commentators also often cited the resurgence of the Goth sub-cultural influence in haute couture, film, literary fiction, as well as fine art and other derived genres of music including hip-hop and techno. Toward the end of the twentieth century, critical discourses that surrounded the Goth subculture illustrated a significant shift away from psychoanalytical methods towards historicism. In this regard, this discourse exhibited an increased level of self-consciousness in relation to the processes of textual and fashion production. Baldwick and Minghall, (2000) pointed out a trend in which 20th century theorisations of the Goth subculture focused on the irrational, the spiritual as well as the subversive at the expense of accurate historical analysis. Such a strategy frequently constitutes a kind of idealisation whereby Gothic subculture is privileged with whatever contravening roles generally associated with the critic. Arguably, such a process of canonical rehabilitation as well as critical appropriation has recorded an increase with the advent of millennium celebrations (Stevens, 2000). Gothic art has developed a trend in which it resurfaces at the fin de sià ¨cle whereby as the fin to end all siecles approaches swiftly, the fervour of the subculture reaches a peculiar climax (Spooner and Spooner, 2004). This aspect was captured well by Grunenberg, (1997) who postulated that the modern society exists in a particularly dire time. This period according to Grunenberg constitutes the Gothic period of fear, moral disintegration, horror as well as the perverse indulgence in extreme pleasures. Gothic fashion as such, has evolved to be a quid pro quo for disturbing and sombre moods, events and places as well as cultural by products of the contemporary society in America (Steele and Park, 2008). Despite the fact that a low number of individuals carried with them the expectation of the world ending at the turn of the 21st century, a true fin-de sià ¨cle feeling wrought with elements of cultural pessimism as well as spiritual malaise permeated society at the time. This spirit persists in modern day societys fashion. The Goth Culture One problem that arises when discussing the Goth subculture is that it draws a profound connection to punk and also emphasizes on dramatic visual style (Spoooner and Spooner, 2004; Polhemus, 1995). Ultimately, this has resulted into the Goth subculture being regarded as a spectacular culture despite it being a fan culture as well. Fan communities have to a significant degree been regarded in relation to media texts for instance, the Star Trek series. However, there exist various similarities between communities described by Jenkins, (1992) and common practices usually associated with the Goth sub-culture. Fan communities actively develop their own ways of life from fragments and scrap that are usually scavenged from the media. Jenkins, (1992) describes this process of creative appropriation as textual poaching. Much in the same light, Goth fashion as an element of Goth subculture is particularly focused on consumption. This consumption does not only constitute clothing, but also incl udes cinematic and literary narratives, sub-cultural commodities and music. Much in the same way that television series fans like Doctor Who or Star Trek develop their identities through their love for the aforementioned series, Goth such as Pugh suture their identity from a complicated system of cinematic and literary affiliations through integrating several archetypes and characters they meet during their fantasy lives, ultimately realizing them through costume or fashion. While some Goths may come across as more literate compared to others in the overall tradition of Gothic representation, all have to either a lesser or greater extent constructed their identities, Frankenstein like, from the fragments and scraps of that way of life. This process of developing identity is demonstrated by Tim Burtons early short film by the name Vincent. In this production, Vincent Molloy, a seven year old boy imagined himself as taking the identity of another person, Vincent Price whereby he condu cted himself as Price would. This fan tribute to the oeuvre of Price does not draw any contradictions in relation to attitude and the kind of fan fiction produced around fantasy series and science fiction. However, this does not imply that Goth is a fan culture in any straight-forward way. This is because it is possible for an individual to be a fan of horror films or Gothic novels without necessary being a Goth. On the contrary, Goth is a combination of the elements of spectacular culture and fan culture ultimately creating a monstrous hybrid between the two ways of life. The resulting culture is one in which symbolic resistance is not only enacted through fashion or spectacular style but also embraces narratives that are generally perceived to be dangerous and as such, falling out of general societal conventions. The development of Gothic as an anti-canonical marginalised subgenre as such, propels the cultures sense of resistance to a cultural hegemony of the bland (Hannaham, 1997). Such acts of self-definition constitute the concurrent definition of a mainstream that has been developed as the other by its respective subculture. According to Thornton, (2008) this fantasised mainstrea m may or may not bear any link to what is real. However, it is the product of the subculture out of a desire for difference. Thornton contends that vague opposition can be outwardly stated to be that questioning the number of members of youth subcultures characterising their own activities. Significant to note is the fact that youthful discourses can not be taken literally. This is because these discourses are not mere transparent windows that reflect on the world. A significant number of cultural critics have been insufficiently critical of sub cultural ideologies. This trend is firstly attributed to the fact that they were diverted by the task of contesting and puncturing dominant ideologies and secondly owing to the fact that their biases have tended to agree with the anti mass society discourses of the youth sub-cultural groups they study. This is to say, while the formulations of power in given subcultures are potentially fertile topics for research, investing in subcultures that have been known for their transgression as well as subversion has often proved to be problematic. This is because research in addition to leading to a better understanding of the phenomenon under study, also highlights such phenomenon from obscurity. This implies that aspects that were overlooked in the past owing to the low degree of societal subscription to such doctrines have the potential of becoming famous. This new-born fame is often attributed to researchers. Due to the fact that society loathes aspects of subversive and transgressing elements, researchers have the tendency to steer away from such elements and cultures including Goth. Holmes, (1997) illustrates this element in Gothic culture in his essay coming out of the coffin. He contends that punk and Goth cultures in contrast to exhibiting stability as many would like them to, exi st by way of suturing both the anti-canonical and the canonical as well as the high and low, the romantic and cynical in addition to the straight and the queer. Embracing these aspects in most circumstances is through the Gothic tradition in general as well as through one of the cultures prominent figures, the vampire (Fig 2) (Auerbach, 1995; Goddzu, 2007). In many ways, this is an accurate evocation of Goth, capturing the complexity of its several poses. Fig 2. Barnabas Collins, Vampire: Jonathan Frid in the television series Dark Shadows Costume Gothic fashion is a form of clothing that is usually associated with members of the Goth subculture. It is a dark form of art which sometimes tends to be highly insensitive and morbid with some quarters terming it as an eroticised form of fashion or style of dress. In its typical form, Gothic fashion is characterised with black hips, dyed black hair, and black clothes (Grunenberg, 1997). Additionally, both male and female members of the Goths subculture wear dark fingernails as well as dark eyeliners. The function of clothes within Goth subculture is largely dependent on who is wearing them (Spooner and Spooner, 2004). It was custom for the 1980s middle class individuals to enact rebellion only through implicit and stereotyped ridiculous dress codes while the avant-garde classless individual of the modern day fashion like Gareth Pugh is stylishly subversive of convention. Gareth Pugh as a new generation figure is both glamorous and confident. Pugh is constructed as an individual that is always aiming for the top and forward as opposed to relying on the past to provide him with a referral page for his design. In fact, his world of design is framed in a way that it conforms to utopian principles where both intellectual and irrational forces intermingle in the creation of form. When Gareth Pughs work is perceived under a lens with such an understanding, it takes on a new significance for the designers fans. The implication here is that other designers subscribe to conventional lines of thought and as such, design. An individual that adorns Pughs design on the contrary is stylish and belongs to the new variety. In other words, wearing Pughs design has the capability of transforming an individual from a conventional person to a Gaultier Goth (Spooner and Spooner, 2004). Design in itself is an artistic impression integrated with certain tastes that the artist fancies as ideal (Gardner, Kleiner and Mamiya, 2005). These impressions as expressed in garments draw from a wide history in the long established tradition of art. As such, artists such as Pugh have the tendency to look back at elements that were embraced in the past to which they base their form of art. Subsequently, art and design integrate, ultimately combining inflatable garments, black and white colours as well as geometric shapes in addition to materials such as PVC and plastics (Fargis, 1998). These forms are characteristic of classical Gothic and baroque art. Fig. 3 Conclusion In conclusion, the complexity of Gareth Pughs images is accompanied by an increasing sense of Gothicism in the design themselves. The designer has deliberately courted the Gothic in his work frequently returning to themes of automata, prosthesis and automata (Spooner and Spooner, 2004). While garments that were featured in earlier images in the 90s would be reasonably wearable by most of consumers in the mainstream, most of Pughs are increasingly perverse and esoteric Fig. 3. These later images however particularly resonate Gothic themes. These are not only limited to the characteristic features of imprisonment, vampirism and torture but upon a closer scrutiny also resonate with the kind of structural conventions Eve Sedgwick identifies as characteristic features of Gothic literature (Spooner and Spooner, 2004). Vampirism as portrayed in these images is ostentatiously a surface effect implying no illusion of realism. By conflating the penetrating gaze with the penetrating fangs, Pugh s designs seem to have undergone what Sedgwick referred to as contagion or the manner Gothic literature contends that aspects of a given element are transferred to another. List of figures Fig. 1. Gothic Fashion., Otherclothing.co.uk, online Fig. 2 Barnabas Collins, Vampire: Jonathan Frid in the television series Dark Shadows by William Patrick Day (2002), p.37 Fig.3. Vogue.com (2008) Wicked with a capital W by Gareth Pugh in Vogue Magazine Autumn/Winter 2008-9, online

Life Was Never the Same: The Effects of the Atomic Bomb on the Survivo

"The release of atomic energy has so changed everything that our former ways of thinking have been rendered obsolete. We therefore face catastrophe unheard of in former times. If mankind is to survive, then we need a completely new way of thinking." ~Albert Einstein Life Was Never the Same: The Effects of the Atomic Bomb on the Survivors In August of 1945, the world changed forever with the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The lives of millions were shattered in a few seconds as the bombs demolished their homes and murdered their family members. Never has one incident in history affected such a great number of people for so many years. Today, the Japanese are still feeling the effects of the dropping of the atomic bombs. With the marking of the fifty-year anniversary in 1995, the dreadful scars still remain in the bodies and the hearts of those who were present in 1945. The radiation emitted from the atomic bombs caused numerous growth disorders, many psychological and social effects along with a drastic increase in leukemia and breast cancer that affected many innocent civilians. Many scientists were interested in accessing the damage done by the atomic bombs; therefore, surveys began immediately after the bombings. Military agencies and scientists from various universities designed the first surveys. Americans felt it was necessary to investigate the effects of the atomic bomb, so President Truman established the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in 1946. Its major goal was to obtain survey samples that reflected the actual conditions of the exposed and it was responsible for many studies including the Adult Health Study and the Life Span Study.1 The commission did not disband until 1974 ... ... Notes 1. Ishikawa, Eisei, David L. Swain, trans. The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ed., Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings (New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, 1981), 510-512. 2. Historical Background Relating to Relocation of the Radiation Effect Research Foundation (RERF), http://www.1amesh.ne.jp/usui-n/radiante.htm (1 November 1999). 3. Eisei, 222-230, 450-52. 4. Eisei, 14. 5. Eisei, 449. 6. Frank. W. Chinnock, Nagasaki: The Forgotten Bomb (New York: New American Library, 1969), 297. 7. Eisei, 259. 8. Radiation Effects Research Foundation, http://www.rerf.or.jp/eigo/experhp/rerfhome.htm (1 November 1999). 9. Eisei, 186-210. 10. Eisei, 489-90.

Essay --

Same-sex marriage does not harm society or anyone particular; marriage is a relationship between two people. How is society hurting when society is not involved in their marriage? The exordium-We allow rapists, murders, child abusers, and irresponsible parents to get married; why do we have a problem with same-sex marriages? Same-sex marriage does not harm society or anyone in general. Marriage is a relationship between two people and is not defined by the gender of the two that are united. Marriage is important in our society a civil and emotional bond between two people that is sacred. We cannot deny Americans this right. America is known as the land of free, but we deny people of freedom because they are a same-sex couple. According to John Schwartz, the United States has made a huge gain towards the approval gay’s marriages in all our fifth states. Many states such as New York, Connecticut, Iowa, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Washington D.C have already passed same-sex marriage laws, making marriage possible between two people of the same gender. Other states in the nation still have voted to ban partnership of same-sex, which the court feels, is unfa ir to the gay community. The narratio-In Baker v Nelson in 1970, a couple tried to apply for their marriage license and was denied. This did not stop them from filing a suit in the state court. Baker argue that the law is unconstitutional because denies petitioner a fundamental right guaranteed by the ninth amendment to the U.S constitution arguably made applicable to the states by the fourteenth amendment petitioner are deprived of liberty and property without due process and are denies the equal protection of the law. Many think that they can rationalize their opinion about same-s... ...because of their partner. Reason three denying gay is couple to adopt. Confirmatio –Denying same-sex couples the right to adopt is against their rights as an American. People stated that same-sex couples cannot provide proper care or a conducive environment to raise a child, but we can let convicted felons, murders, or unfit parents have children. If gays can provide a safe and nurturing environment then where is the harm? I think this would help decline the number of child who need a family. According to the research guide from the Georgia States University College of Law. Gay adoption number just about one quarter of children adopted has been to same-sex couples in the United States. However, in some states such as Florida, they have over- turned a ban that prevented same-sex couples from adopting children. The Supreme Court has ruled the ban unconstitutional.

A Good Man Is Hard to Find Essay -- Literary Analysis, Flannery OConn

In the short story â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find†, written by Flannery O’Connor, the theme of the mysterious definition of a â€Å"good man† is apparent. The true definition of a ‘good man’ is flawed, but one must also realize that it is difficult to universalize simply because every person is entitled to their own opinion. O’Connor conveys this theme through her excellent use of diction, imagery, foreshadowing, and symbolism as well as through a creative use of repetition and an omniscient point of view. The grandmother, the main character of the story, is manipulative, and in a sense, the definition of a ‘good man’ is referring to her belief of what characteristics a ‘good man’ possesses. From the beginning, the reader is given the indication that the grandmother is determined to get what she wants and will do whatever she can to do so. And, from the second line of the story, O’Connor suggests that anything the grandmother says might have an alternative motive. â€Å"The grandmother didn’t want to go to Florida. She wanted to visit some of her connections in east Tennessee and she was seizing at every chance to change Bailey’s mind† (1284). When the grandmother mentions that she doesn’t want to go to Florida, her son Bailey assumes it’s because of the Misfit killer who has escaped from prison. However, in actuality, she wanted to visit other family and friends in Tennessee. Throughout the story, O’Connor uses creative words and phrases as well as figurative language to help keep the reader engaged. For example, when the family is driving, O’Connor makes it a point to thoroughly describe the area, which they are passing through. â€Å"She [the grandmother] pointed out interesting details of the scenery: Stone Mountain, the blue granite that i... ...he narrator is the grandmother, a manipulative woman who is selfish and interested in only acquiring her needs. In â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find†, O’Connor gives brilliant support to the theme, even going so far as stating it in the title itself. Through her creative details and intentional use of rhetoric, O’Connor strengthens the idea that the true definition of a ‘good man’ is skewed and difficult to pinpoint. Defining a ‘good man’ varies because it is individualized from reader to reader and a generic definition cannot be composed. This gothic piece of literature is realistic, and through its theme, the reader is exposed to the flaws of society as a whole. Works Cited O'Connor, Flannery. "A Good Man Is Hard To Find." 1955. Making Literature Matter: An Anthology For Readers and Writers. 5th ed. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 1283-296. Print.

Quantitative risk assessment Essay

Monte-Carlo simulation is carried out using a large number of computations, using a computer, with random inputs. This method is particularly useful when it comes to â€Å"predicting† the outcome a complex eventuality. Typically, the Monte-Carlo simulation is useful when predicting the outcome of a large number inter-related factors that are â€Å"uncertain†. Predictivity using Monte-Carlo simulation is far more accurate where variables under consideration are many, uncertain and random. For this particular reason, using Monte-Carlo simulation for this study is the best choice as there are many uncertain factors that need to be analyzed for computing a risk assessment. In this study, the first step begins with the production of meat and ends with health effects that meat can probably induce in consuming subjects. There is a large interplay of uncertain factors, and the entire food chain model proposed in the study has inherent variability across most levels. 2. What comment would you make about the source of data used for the concentration of E. coli in cattle feces? Prevalence and concentration of E. Coli in cattle fecal matter was used to assess the level of contamination of the meat. The level of contamination of the meat is a pointer to the probable exposure that a consuming subject could possibly have, to E. Coli. Concentration of E. Coli in cattle fecal matter is directly related to factors like seasonality, geographical properties, and feeding practices. However, the data related to concentration of E. Coli in the cattle fecal matter was constructed without consideration for these factors. Data used for concentration of E. Coli in fecal matter was obtained using enrichment methods. The results show a wide bipolar variation, from as low as undetectable E. Coli levels to as much as 5. 0 log10 CFU/g. The data for prevalence of E. Coli in cattle fecal matter was obtained from previously held studies. However, only data from those studies was used, that primarily aimed at detecting E. Coli prevalence rates in cattle fecal matter for beef that was supposedly slated for human consumption. 3. What comment would you make about the following: †¢ modeling the distribution of feces on carcass as Uniform? Slaughtering invariably causes the fecal matter to come in contact with the meat. Skinning a carcass will lead to contamination of exposed meat due to contact with the hide. Although, fecal matter is the main source of bacterial reservoir, the nature and number of agents that can directly or indirectly participate as contaminating agents is uncertain. However, the concentration of E. Coli in fecal matter is directly proportional to the extent of meat contamination. The distribution of fecal matter on carcass surface is uneven. A dilution factor was used as a model simplification. †¢ modeling fecal contamination only on the carcass surface? As a fact, E. Coli are present in the fecal matter but not inside red meat. Contamination of red meat, therefore, occurs only when fecal matter comes in contact with it. This will usually happen during slaughtering, and the following processes like packaging and trimming. For this reason fecal contamination has been modeled only on the carcass surface. 4. Briefly (less than 500 words), discuss the practicalities and likely success of implementing each of the proposed hypothetical mitigation strategies in the paper. The author has proposed three hypothetical risk mitigation strategies for risk reduction. However, the strategies have been proposed to reduce risk as per mentioned figures, assuming that the strategy is being implemented and the desired goal is being achieved. For instance, the first strategy of regulating storage temperature control norms shows a reduced risk to over 80%. Practically, this strategy can indeed cause a large risk reduction but a protocol will need to be developed that incorporates all the levels of the proposed beef-cold-chain, starting right from the farm to the retailer. Even with a concrete legislature to make sure this strategy works, it needs to be evaluated how far would this strategy prove to be practically enforceable. With definite legislature, a good compliance can be expected out of this strategy and apparently this strategy is far more practicable, and could prove successful. Pre-slaughter screening proposes to reduce risk by over 46%. However, more variables like feeding practices, geographical locations, and seasonal variation (that affect E. Coli fecal load) need to considered, before a definite â€Å"control† level can be instated to rule out slaughters for animals that have more than a certain level of bacterial fecal concentration. The consumer information program, although with a risk reduction of 16%, is certainly a very important level wherein proper intervention can dramatically decrease E. Coli related health morbidity. Even though anticipated risk reduction is only 16%, simple measures like adequate promotional tools, could significantly increase risk reduction through mass communication; the biggest limitation however, is that compliance in this case cannot be ascertained, nor enforceable. Keeping in mind the practical limitations of each of these strategies, a prudent approach would involve application of all the three strategies in conjunct, to ensure greater risk reduction. A good reason for this approach is that due to the uncertain nature of all the factors involved in E. Coli contamination and delivery to consuming host, it appears quite difficult to determine the individual potency of each of these factors, and they would easily remain relative values. ‘Evaluation of MRSA Select, a new chromogenic medium for the detection of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus’ 1. What is the ‘gold standard’ used to assess the sensitivity and specificity etc. of the different diagnostic tests? The sensitivity and specificity of a particular diagnostic test needs to be estimated before the test under consideration can be employed for practical purposes, to ensure that the results obtained are accurate, and of consequence. A â€Å"gold standard†, hence, is an absolute, against which results from a particular diagnostic test are compared. The gold standard, also called as the standard frame of reference, is a perfect test for the given condition, and is 100% sensitive and specific as well. 2. Is the ‘gold standard’ the same for all of the tests? Within the context of this paper, the gold standard used is same for all the tests. The gold standard used is identification of methicillin resistant S. Aureus, from nasal swabs of patients, confirmed for the mecA gene using PCR. 3. Can the tests be compared in this way? Yes, the tests can be compared this way. The same samples (n) were subjected to different growth mediums, to ascertain the presence of MRSA. All these media were specifically designed to promote the growth of MRSA. Hence, depending on the growths shown by these different media, results can be drawn and compared. 4. Are the authors’ conclusions valid? I think that the author’s conclusions are valid. Although, PCR will remain the gold standard in ascertaining presence of MRSA, the application of this procedure, to remain practically enforceable, is quite limiting. For instance, considering the sheer number of samples that an urban community hospital has to handle on a daily basis, using PCR for all instances may not be feasible all the times. In this circumstance, using simple tissue culture techniques would definitely prove to be more desirable, especially with faster results and low costs; like using the MRSA Select that will give results within 24 hours with a sensitivity and specificity over 99%. Moreover, simplicity of the test requires no complex skill set, especially compared with handling PCR techniques. References 1. Fishman, G. S. (1995). Monte Carlo: Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications. New York: Springer 2. Bell, B. P. , Goldoft, M. , Griffin, P. M. , Davis, M. S. , Gordon, D. C. , Tarr, P. I. , Bartleson, C. A. , Lewis, J. H. , Barret, T. J. , Wells, J. G. , Baron, R. , Kobayashi, J. , (1994). A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7-associated bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from hamburgers: the Washington experience. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 3. Vose, D. , (1996). Quantitative risk analysis: A guide to Monte Carlo simulation modelling. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester England. 4. USDA:APHIS:VS. , 1994a. E. coliO157:H7 issues and ramifications. Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO. 5. Gehlbach SH. (1993) Interpretation: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value. In: Gehlbach SH, ed. Interpreting the medical literature. New York: McGraw-Hill 6. Apfalter P, Assadian O, Kalczyk A, et al. (2002) Performance of a new chromogenic oxacillin resistance screen medium (Oxoid) in the detection and presumptive identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis;44:209–11. 7. Murakami K, Minamide W, Wada K, Nakamura E, Teraoka, H, Watanabe S. (1991) Identification of methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol;29:2240–4. 8. Safdar N, Narans L, Gordon B, Maki DG. (2003) Comparison of culture screening methods for detection of nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a prospective study comparing 32 methods. J Clin Microbiol;41:3163–6.

Enchanted hair

Ann Jones was my best friend Lisa's little sister. She had not made any particular impression on me. Among the children in her class she was not known for brightness at her lessons, or for liveliness in class. But, by the time Lisa spoken to me about her, I was aware of Ann as a particularly stable and pleasant girl. Stable seems an odd word to describe a six-year-old, yet it seems to be her vital quality. She was always polite and friendly. Her appearance was no way exceptional, yet there was something neat about her. Her shining hair was fair, beautifully brushed and neatly plaited; her big grey eyes were always serious to what was going on. She seemed a model pupil, and, though she never came top in any subject apart from spelling, she seemed unlikely ever to cause her parents or teachers the slightest worry. It was, therefore, a huge surprise when Lisa came to see me, clearly distressed, one night just as I was about to go to bed. â€Å"Tiffany, I'm sorry to trouble you so late, but I'm worried about Ann, I don't know what to do for the best.† â€Å"About Ann?† I was really amazed. † But she's the quietest little girl I know.† â€Å"I know and she's always been at home, but just lately something's got into her.† â€Å"Well, everyone goes phases,† I began vaguely. â€Å"What's wrong with Ann?† â€Å"It's to do with her hair.† â€Å"Her hair?† Then it did occur to me that for the last week or two, Ann's hair had not been so shiningly neat. â€Å"What about her hair, then, Lisa?† â€Å"Well, I don't know how to put it so you won't think either I or my sister is crazy – † I noticed that Lisa had tears in her eyes – â€Å"but she's got this notion that there's people living in her hair.† A lot of possibilities flashed through my mind. â€Å"You're quite sure, Lisa, that it's not a simple case of nits, or something like that?† â€Å"Tiffany! How could you think such a thing? Ann's always washed her hair every night.† † Her hair does always look clean.† I said quickly, so I won't offend her. â€Å"Well, if that is the case, you don't think it's possible that she imagines she has something of the sort? Kids sometimes have such odd worries.† â€Å"No, tiffany, no, it's not like that. No, it's people she says are living on top of her head. In among the hair, she says the hair seems like a forest to them.† â€Å"She's playing a game with you, Lisa,† I suggested. † A game it may be, sir, but it's dead serious to her,† Lisa said worriedly. â€Å"Every day I have the job, to get her hair brushed. ‘Don't do that, Lisa, you'll drive them out of the forest,' she says, and screams and screams. And lately, I've begun to wonder if she's going mental.† All about chariots, armies and temples, it's not right, it really isn't. And sometimes what she says doesn't make sense at all, I can't understand anything she says, and she'll go on like that for hours.† â€Å"Did you mention this to Dr Somers?† â€Å"Well, I did. I didn't take Ann to the surgery because I thought It may scare her, I just told him, and he fairly snapped my head off and said she was a perfectly healthy child and not to fuss him with a bit of kid's play.† â€Å"Well, what did you want me to do, Lisa?† â€Å"Oh, tiffany, if you could just talk to Ann about it a bit! She thinks the world of you could just reason this nonsense out of her head – † She looked at me rather blankly, so I promised that I would see what I could do. â€Å"Supposing I take Ann for a walk, tomorrow, after school. So it won't seem like an interview.† â€Å"Tiffany, I don't know how to thank you -† I pointed out that I haven't done anything yet, but she went away clearly relieved to have pushed the responsibility on to somebody else, even if only temporarily. Next afternoon Ann agreed, to take a walk with me. I thought there was no sense in putting off the question, so as soon as we were away from her house, I said, â€Å"Your sister asked me to talk to you, about this idea you have that – er, that people are living in your hair.† She looked up at me calmly, with a surprisingly adult expression in her grey eyes, and said, â€Å"Yes, I thought perhaps she had.† I said, gently, not wanting to seem unsympathetic or mocking, â€Å"What sort of people are they, Ann?† She answered at once, â€Å"They're a tribe of Gauls, the Veneti. They were defeated, you see, by the Romans, in a big sea-battle, and driven out of their homes. They built a new town, but then it was destroyed – it sank in the sea. And so they collected up what they could of their belongings – and now they live in my hair. It's like a forest to them, you see.† I was startled, to say the least. â€Å"But, Ann – how did you come to know about the veneti?† â€Å"I can hear them, talking through my skull.† I said, â€Å"How could they all get on to your head, though?† She gave me a look as closely approaching to impatience. â€Å"Things seem a different size, don't you see, when they're in different places. If I saw you a long way off – you'd look small, wouldn't you? Or if I saw you beside a huge monster.† Her eyes widened, and I remembered that, after all, she was still only a six-year-old. â€Å"What sort of language do they talk, these people, Ann?† I wondered where she read or heard of the Venti, who, I recalled, had been conquered by Caesar in Brittany. â€Å"Well, they talk two languages,† she told me. â€Å"Can you remember any of the words?† She spoke a load of words, which was meaningless to me full of x sounds and ch sounds. â€Å"And what is the other language?† She then startled me by replying, â€Å"Una salus victis nulam sperare salutem† (there is but one safe thing for the vanquished; not to hope for safety). â€Å"Where did you hear that Ann?† â€Å"One of them up there said it.† â€Å"Can you remember any more?† â€Å"Quid nunc it per iter tenebricosum – † â€Å"Illuc,† I said it with her, â€Å"unde negant redire quemquam.† â€Å"You know that too?† she said, turning the grey eyes on me. â€Å"I have heard it, yes. What was the people's town called, the town that sank in the sea?† â€Å"It was called Is.† â€Å"Can you hear them now?† I asked. â€Å"Yes. Just now their holy men are very worried,† she said, turning to me, frowning she looked oddly like her sister. â€Å"Why are they worried, Ann?† â€Å"They have signs from, the ones who can tell the future, that there is going to be another very bad happening and that they are going to have to move again, and all the people with their things. Oh!† she cried, I hope Mum isn't going to cut off all my hair! She said she might do that! Please tell her not to, Tiffany!† â€Å"All right Ann, don't worry. I'll tell her.† â€Å"I, needless to say was wondering what to do, and hardly looked where I was going. Which is why I didn't hear the car till it was right behind us. It was young, feckless Jack Fish. He's now in jail, doing time for manslaughter. People said I'd had a breakdown after that, and everyone was very sorry for me. But actually it's a lot simpler. What happened was, the Veneti transferred from Ann's head to mine.

What Is Cybercrime?

Cybercrime, or PC arranged wrongdoing, is wrongdoing that includes a PC and a network. The PC may have been utilized in the commission of a wrongdoing, or it might be the target. Cybercrimes can be characterized as: â€Å"Offenses that are perpetrated against people or gatherings of people with a criminal thought process to purposefully hurt the notoriety of the person in question or cause physical or mental damage, or misfortune, to the casualty straightforwardly or in a roundabout way, utilizing current media transmission systems, for example, Web (systems including however not restricted to Visit rooms, messages, see sheets and gatherings) and cell phones (Bluetooth/SMS/MMS)†. Cybercrime may undermine a man or a country's security and monetary health. Issues encompassing these kinds of violations have turned out to be prominent, especially those encompassing hacking, copyright encroachment, unjustifiable mass-reconnaissance, sextortion, youngster erotic entertainment, and kid grooming. There are additionally issues of protection when private data is blocked or unveiled, legitimately or something else. Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar additionally characterize cybercrime from the point of view of sex and characterized ‘cybercrime against ladies' as â€Å"Wrongdoings focused against ladies with a rationale to deliberately hurt the casualty mentally and physically, utilizing current media transmission systems, for example, web and versatile phones†. Universally, both administrative and non-state performers participate in cybercrimes, including secret activities, budgetary burglary, and different cross-outskirt violations. Cybercrimes crossing global outskirts and including the activities of no less than one country state is now and then alluded to as cyber warfare.TYPES OF CYBERCRIMEIDENTITY THEFT OR INVANSION OF PRIVACYCybercrime influences both a virtual and a genuine body, however the impacts upon each are unique. This wonder is clearest on account of fraud. In the Assembled States, for instance, people don't have an official personality card yet a Standardized savin gs number that has since quite a while ago filled in as a true recognizable proof number.INTERNET FRAUDPlans to cheat customers flourish on the Web. Among the most well known is the Nigerian, or â€Å"419,† trick; the number is a reference to the area of Nigerian law that the trick damages. In spite of the fact that this con has been utilized with both fax and conventional mail, it has been given new life by the Web. In the plan, an individual gets an email affirming that the sender requires help in exchanging an extensive aggregate of cash out of Nigeria or another far off nation. More often than not, this cash is as a benefit that will be sold, for example, oil, or a lot of money that expects â€Å"laundering† to cover its source; the varieties are interminable, and new specifics are continually being produced. The message requests that the beneficiary take care of some expense of moving the assets out of the nation as an end-result of accepting a considerably bigger whole of cash sooner rather than later. Should the beneficiary react with a check or cash arrange, he is informed that confusions have grown; more cash is required. After some time, casualties can lose a large number of dollars that are completely unrecoverable.ATM FRAUDPCs additionally make more unremarkable sorts of misrepresentation conceivable. Take the robotized teller machine (ATM) through which numerous individuals currently get money. With a specific end goal to get to a record, a client supplies a card and individual recognizable proof number (Stick). Crooks have created intends to capture both the information on the card's attractive strip and in addition the client's Stick. Thus, the data is utilized to make counterfeit cards that are then used to pull back assets from the clueless person's record.WIRE FRAUDThe INTER NATIONAL idea of cybercrime is especially apparent with wire extortion. One of the biggest and best-sorted out wire extortion plans was coordinated by Vladimir Levin, a Russian developer with a PC programming firm in St. Petersburg.FILE SHARING PIRACYThrough the 1990s, offers of minimized circles (Albums) were the real wellspring of income for chronicle organizations. In spite of the fact that theft—that is, the unlawful duplication of copyrighted materials—had dependably been an issue, particularly in the Far East, the multiplication on school grounds of reasonable PCs equipped for catching music off Cds and sharing them over fast (â€Å"broadband†) Web associations turned into the account business' most noteworthy bad dream. In the Unified States, the account business, spoken to by the Chronicle Business Relationship of America (RIAA), assaulted a solitary document sharing administration, Napster, which from 1999 to 2001 permitted clients over the Web access to music records, put away in the information pressure organize known as MP3, on other clients' PCs by method for Napster's focal PC. As per the RIAA, Napster clients frequently abused the copyright of account specialists, and the administration needed to stop. For clients, the issues were not all that obvious. At the centre of the Napster case was the issue of reasonable utilize. People who had bought a Compact disc were obviously permitted to tune in to the music, regardless of whether in their home stereo, vehicle sound framework, or PC. What they didn't have the privilege to do, contended the RIAA, was to make the Cd accessible to a huge number of other people who could make an ideal computerized duplicate of the music and make their own Compact discs.COUNTERFEITING AND FORGERYRecord sharing of licensed innovation is just a single part of the issue with duplicates. Another more unremarkable angle lies in the capacity of computerized gadgets to render about ideal duplicates of material ancient rarities. Take the conventional wrongdoing of forging. As of not long ago, making acceptable cash required a lot of abil ity and access to advancements that people more often than not don't claim, for example, printing squeezes, etching plates, and uncommon inks. The coming of cheap, top notch shading copiers and printers has conveyed forging to the majority. Ink-stream printers currently represent a developing level of the fake money seized by the U.S. Mystery Administration.

Automobile Industry in Bangldesh Essay

1. 1 Introduction Now day’s education is not just confined to books and classrooms. Internship is such a program that helps to test the knowledge and understanding of the courses and to use them in a practical field. Internship training gives this opportunity to be engaged in an organization where it is possible to have an experience of the real business world and to see different practical aspects of education. Marketing Department of Chittagong University is committed to produce marketing professionals for the market who will not only benefit the society as a whole but also make path of a better future for the next generation. Internship program is a step towards fulfill this commitment by giving the students an opportunity to get ready for the real world before they enter into it. 1. 2 Research Issue This research is a requirement of the internship program for my MBA program. My supervisor Professor A. J. M. Nuruddin Chowdhury assigned me the topic. I have tried my level best to make it as an excellent one. I used all the latest data and information. I have been serving this company as an intern under Sales & Marketing Department for two months. I got privilege to put latest data. My job responsibility is to create relationship with our present and potential customers, sales products and provide service time to time by giving latest product’s information. So, I am getting the opportunity to be very close to the customer. I have the idea why customer choose, the reason of leave and the reason of using pragoti Industries Product. My supervisor Mr. Khayrul Haue officer of Sales & Marketing Department guides me time to time to make this report fruitful. 1. 3 Research Objectives The main objective of this report is to have an assessment about overall activities of sales & marketing department. How they manage all the selling process, what services it is providing to the customer and how agents are getting benefit from it and finally what is the gain for pragoti from this project, in short how it is meeting up the requirements of the three stakeholders of the company. The objectives of the study are as follow: †¢ To get the practical experience by doing job with expert of sales & marketing manager. †¢ To understand the drive structure of PIL. †¢ To understand the channels of PIL. †¢ To observe the production process & know the inputs procurement system, warehousing system and the selling and distribution system of the company. †¢ To know the marketing and pricing policies of their products †¢ To know about the products & the quality of products produced by the company. †¢ To know the accounting system and the transparency in the preparation of the financial statements. †¢ To know the application of the Corporate Governance in PIL †¢ To produce a report that will give a guideline to the future researchers or customers of the Pragoti Industries Ltd on the different aspects that are covered in this report. †¢ Finally, to suggest the management with some recommendations so that the management can identify some of the faulty areas in the organization and initiate necessary steps to bring changes in those areas. 1. 4 Research Methodology The current study is conducted primarily in participatory research analysis method and secondary on practical and theoretical analysis. The research supervisor proposed research topic. Primary and secondary data was collected from every possible source. The primary sources are as follows: †¢ Observation of the production and management sector of the company. †¢ Face-to-face conversation with the respective offices and stuffs of the industry. †¢ Related field study as provided by the officer concerned. The secondary sources of data and the information are: †¢ Web site address †¢ Book basis articles †¢ Internal magazine published by PIL †¢ Different brochures of PIL †¢ Information provided by my supervisor 1. 5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This internship report covers all the aspects of retail environment from all the three perspective, UBL, retailers and agent. This report also gives an overview about the company like about the mission and goals of the company, the marketing mix & the strategies, competitive strategies etc. This report has been prepared through extensive discussion with the customer, sales development manager, and agent and with the other stakeholder. While preparing this report, I had a great opportunity to have an in depth knowledge of sales activities of the â€Å"Pragoti Industries Ltd. † It also helped me to acquire a first-hand perception of a leading state run automobile industry in Bangladesh. 1. 6 Limitation of the Study I have tried my best to collect the maximum information from the authority, management, production department and marketing department. But I have faced the following problems: †¢ To make a report it is very trouble full to collect the information from various personal for the job constrain. †¢ Planning & production department’s has no appropriate maintenance of planning procedure and articles. †¢ Time is not sufficient for various activities to prepare a report. †¢ Non-availability of published data. †¢ Information was not provided due to business secrecy. †¢ Lack of adequate knowledge about research by new employee †¢ Non-availability of secondary data. Chapter- 2 Literature Review 2. 1 Introduction. Bangladesh is totally underdeveloped in the sector of automobile industry. As It has no automobile industry, the sector is totally depended on import, except a few automobile-assembling units. Due to increase amount of demand, requirement and increased every year it has to import a huge amount of automobiles from the other countries. But in recent times, Bangladesh automobile industry is turning around, as a result local and foreign investor are interest about this sector for investment. So the sector has a great potentiality and prospect in the development. Pragoti is the only state own automobile company in Bangladesh and it made & repair only government related automation production. Bangladesh machine tools Factory (BMTF) was establish in February 11, 1979 and it is the commercial automobile assembly plant, maintain by Bangladesh Army, especially for defense industry. Walton & Aftab is the largest Bangladeshi private automobile company in Bangladesh. Walton Company establish a large plant for motorcycle production, on the other hand Aftab automobile is famous for bus accessories assembling. [pic]. Mitsubishi Pajero will be assembling in Bangladesh Mitsubishi Pajero, Hino Bus, Tata bus/Truck, Proton automobile manufacturer company already buildup their production assemble plant in Bangladesh and here is the important news, near Dhaka, location name is Dolaikhal, is the largest automobile market in Bangladesh for expire & new automobile parts. 2. 2 Bangladesh most popular Automobile company List †¢ Aftab Automobiles †¢ Pragoti †¢ TagAZ Bangladesh (Proposed) †¢ Mitsubishi Pajero †¢ Walton †¢ Bangladesh Machine Tools Factory 2. 3 Auto parts market of Bangladesh. Bangladesh automobile industry is not a big industry and maximum automobile parts are imported from other countries . Besides, there is no quality local manufacturer of parts and components. So, parts and components are mainly imported from countries like Japan, UK, Taiwan, China, Korea, Malaysia, USA, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, etc. The market of parts and components of this country is very small but expanding rapidly. Commercial importers import a bulk amount of parts and components that are distributed through wholesalers and retailers. Final users get the parts from the retailers and the retailers buy parts from the importers. However, there are also importers who have their own retail outlets. An assembler may also be an importer who requires a large quantity of parts and components for its assembling unit. A limited number of commercial importers import parts and components from different sources. In most cases, the assembler imports parts and components from the country where the brand is originated. Some assemblers even purchase parts and components directly from the big importers. There is another group within the distribution channel of parts and components i. e. auto servicing centers like garage, mechanical workshop, body building units, etc. The servicing centers purchase parts from the whole seller as well as from the retailer. End users get parts and components from retailers dealing in different type and brand of automobile. Although no local manufacturer of quality parts does exist, but active negotiations are going on to set up joint venture parts and component manufacturing units with China, Korea and Taiwan. Present structure of parts and components market is graphically shown below: [pic] In Bangladesh, neither we have an automobile industry nor a quality auto parts industry. So, the people of Bangladesh have no clear idea about the automobile industry or auto parts and components and their usage. The market of auto parts and components is influenced by couple of elements. People while purchase auto parts and components, they are influenced by several factors and these auto servicing centers, workshop and garage, motor pool managers, Institutional Importers (i. e.embassy), retailers, agents of branded automobile, 2. 4 Domestic parts and components industry Presently, there is no well-organized and quality manufacturer of parts and components in Bangladesh. Some low quality indigenous manufacturing of parts and components are there but they are carried out against specific order to meet emergency requirement. There is no mass production to meet the requirements. Given below is some idea of what the local manufacturers try to produce: Filters, radiators, radiator hoses, air filter housing; Brake pads, brake drum, brake disc; Electrical parts such as battery, horn, wiring, wiper and washer assembly, head lights and other lights; Trim and upholstery such as carpet, floor mat, rear parcel shelf, seat assembly, safety belt and melt damping sheet; General parts such as paint and thinner, under seal, tires and tube, and mirrors. Chapter- 3 Growth & Development of Automobile Industry in Bangladesh 3. 1 Bangladesh Automobile Prospect Bangladesh has a great prospect and potentiality in the development of automobile industry there has been an increasing trend in the use of all sorts of automobiles/vehicles in Bangladesh. However, the increased demand of individual types of automobile varies from case to case. As a result of increasing demand of individual the annual demand for automobile is increasing with a great speed an statistic show the demand has increased into 30 percent than the last year with the Improvement of roads and highways and increased number of bridge and culverts are also responsible for motivating people to buy vehicles for their day to day activities. Again the Improvement of life style in the urban areas is also responsible for the development automobile industry . With the passage of time the living standard of general people of BD has increased and they also turn into low class to middle class, middle class to upper class and in recent times the amount of upper middle class has increased which means additional demand for automobile There are also some another key reason for whom Bangladesh has a great potentiality in this industry. They are mentioned below: †¢ Government annual development plan has given priority on development of automobile industry †¢ Special attraction for Japan made vehicles †¢ Withdrawn of Rickshaw gradually. †¢ Getting popularity of Small car/sports vehicle †¢ Rent-a-car getting popularity †¢ Reduction of tax on the new motor vehicles †¢ Govt. initiative to float 10,000 commercial vehicles †¢ Expanded and increased volume of export and import 3. 2 Comparative scenario of different types of automobiles in Bangladesh A comparative scenario of different vehicles and their usage trend may be explained as below: (a) Motorcycle The use of motorcycle in Bangladesh is increasing day by day by a new group of users. Motorcycle is extensively used in Bangladesh in both rural and urban areas. The use of motorcycle has gradually increased in Bangladesh due to easy to drive; easy access to remote location; cheapest transport; Longevity of the vehicle; easy to handle and park at any place. The general users are the students, individual businessmen, officials of marketing companies and pharmaceutical industries. Over the last one and a half decades, the field level officials of different non- government organizations have been using a large number of motorcycles. In Bangladesh, both locally assembled motorcycle and imported motorcycle are available for intending users as detailed below: (i) Locally assembled motorcycle: Mainly, there are about 20 locally assembled brands. For example: ATLAS, EMMA, NITOL and SINGER. List of the local motorcycle assembling houses is given in the annex. (ii) Imported motorcycle: There are at least 7-8 different regular brands of motorcycle and these are: Honda CD 80, Yamaha, Suzuki from Japan, Xinfu, Jangshen, Jailing, Hero, TVS Victor, Yamaha, Suzuki, Bajaj, Vespa, etc. (b) Auto rickshaw / Three wheelers There has been a phenomenal increase in the number of auto rickshaw and tampoo in Bangladesh. Now, it is an important vehicle in Bangladesh. Low and middle class family members mainly use these vehicles. But, the government of Bangladesh has already banned these two vehicles to avoid environmental pollution. It is estimated that presently there are 160,000 auto rickshaws including unauthorized units in Dhaka City alone. There has been a phenomenal. – However, effective 1st September,2002, the two stroke auto rickshaw will be totally banned, which is expected to dramatically reduce the requirement of parts for these type of vehicles, but increase demand for the new CNG auto rickshaw and three stroke auto rickshaws will be there with increased demand for parts and components. (c) Motorcars Increased demand, economic development and changed life style have resulted in a great increase in the number of motor cars and the demand for motor cars is still increasing day by day. Both brand new and reconditioned cars are imported into the country. Statistics show that majority of the people usually prefer reconditioned motorcars more than brand new cars due to lower price. In Bangladesh, more than 65% of the total motorcars are coming from Japan. Many Bangladeshis living in Japan involve themselves in reconditioned car business. Recently, the government has put an age restriction on the import of reconditioned motor cars. Reconditioned cars more than 3 years old can not be imported. The government has also reduced the duties and taxes on the import of new cars to discourage reconditioned car import. Impact is that people now can buy new cars at a reasonable price having longer durability. The government has introduced new system of taxicab in 1998. As a result, the number of motorcars has been increasing. But, the requirement of spare parts and components will be lesser. Again, after the 1st September 2002, the ban of auto rickshaw will lead to a significant increase in motorcars mainly in the form of taxi cabs. Use of motorcars has increased tremendously, which is evident from the statistics for the last five years shown in the chart below: (d) Light & heavy commercial vehicles (bus, minibus, truck, pick-up, etc) Like the motorcar, there has been an increasing trend in the number of light and heavy commercial vehicles that include mini bus, bus, human howlers, passenger carriers, trucks, pick-ups, covered vans, large covered vans, etc. Over the last one decade, the use of these types of vehicles has increased at a high rate. This is due to increased demand for the these types of vehicles/automobiles effectively backed by institutional financial support to procure them. This growth rate will continue to increase in the near future. The average growth rate is 5. 63% and 4,644 in the number of vehicles annually. (e) Farm and agricultural equipment/vehicles Also, there is an increasing trend in the number of farm and agricultural equipment/vehicles due to increased application of modern tools and techniques in farming and agricultural production. Now-a-day, agricultural vehicles like power tiller, tractor and trailers are being used in the rural areas more frequently than the past. During the last one decade, various agricultural development projects funded by the different donor agencies have been implemented in the rural areas and under those programs, the farmers were given financial facilities through NGOs and banks to procure modern agricultural equipment including farm vehicles. One of the key elements that made this possible is the availability of lease financing facilities in the country and the large amount of agricultural credit funds. It has been observed that there is a reasonable growth in the number of agricultural equipment every year. This growth rate will continue to increase in the near future provided there is no drastic change in the government policy relating to agricultural sector like reduction in the subsidy and assistance and low cost fund for the farmers. The average annual growth rate is 2. 5% and 125 in number of vehicles every year. 3. 3 Estimated demand of automobile /vehicles in Bangladesh. Taking into consideration the future prospects and also keeping the resent growth pace influenced by various elements discussed earlier, it is expected that there would an additional increase in the use of vehicles. In view of the possible new avenues and prospects and looking into the weighted average growth rate of 6%, table below shows estimated demand for the next five years. Table: Projected demand of automobile /vehicles in Bangladesh |Vehicle/Year | |Taxi | |Bus/ Minibus | |Tractor |3,646 | |Headquarters |11, Agrabad C/A, Finley House (3rd floor) P. O. box no. 73 | | |Chittagong4100, Bangladesh | |Location of the factory |Barabkund, Dhaka-Chittagong Highway, Sitakund, Chittagong. | |Year of establishment |1966 under private ownership | |Nationalized Time |: After liberation of Bangladesh on 11th May, 1972 | |Types of operation |Assembling the Transport Vehicles | |Operated By |Bangladesh Steel and Engineering Corporation under the Ministry of industry | |Company Type |: Autonomous | |Initial Authorized Capital |20 Cores, Divided into 20,00,000 shares @tk100/- | |Paid-up Capital. |25 Lakhs, Divided into 25,000 no. of Ordinary Shares. | |Products |Car Assembling, Automotive Parts | |Main sources of CMD Kits from |: Vauxhall Motors of England; American Motors Corporation (AMC) of USA; Isuzu Motors | | |Corporation, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, Nissan & Toyota Motors of Japan; KIA | | |Motors, Daewoo Motors of Korea; Aelous, Dong Feng of China; HML TATA, Swaraj Mazda, | | |Mahindra & Mahindra, Maruti, Eicher and Ashok Leyland of India | |Recent Initiative |A CNG Conversation Unit is established in Tejgoan Workshop at Dhaka. | |Nature of Business |Govt. approved automobiles marketing company, Sole Distributor of Isuzu, Suzuki | | |vehicles from Japan and Bajaj, Swaraj Mazda & Maruti vehicles from India. Parts & | | |Accessories, Sawafuji & Suzuki Generator from Japan, Scott & English industrial | | |Generator from Singapore & G. S. Automotive battery from Indonesia | | Initial production capacity |(Approximately) 200 | |Present production capacity | (Approximately) 900 | |Logo |[pic] | |Website |http://www. bsec. gov. bd/html/ent_progoti.php |. 4. 2 Aim of Pragoti Industries Limited The sky is not the limit for them but their expectations are within limit. Their imagination soars beyond conventional barriers. They share their destiny with their beloved motherland. They want to serve her the better in the greater quest for national economic emancipation.. 4. 3 Mission of PIL We shall be at the forefront of automobile industry development by: †¢ Anticipating automobiles required by all our customers everywhere and innovatively supplying them beyond expectation. †¢ Setting industry benchmarks of world class standard in delivering customer value through our comprehensive product range, customer service and all our activities †¢ Building an exciting team-based working environment that will attract, develop and retain employees of exceptional ability who help celebrate the success of our business, of our customers and of national development †¢ Maintaining the highest ethical standards and a community responsibility worthy of a leading corporate citizen †¢ Continuously improving productivity and profitability. 4. 4 Vision of PIL. To be in thee forefront of national development by providing all the customers inspirational strength, dependable support and the most comprehensive range of vehicle solutions, through our team of professionals who work passionately to be outstanding in everything we do. 4. 5 Organizational structure of the Pragoti Industries Ltd. (Agrabad Branch) Branches of Pragoti Industries Limited Chittagong Office 11, Agrabad C/A, Finley House (3rd floor), post box no. 73, Chittagong. Production Factory Barabkund, Dhaka-Chittagong Highway, Sitakund, Chittagong. Dhaka Office 151-152, Tejgaon C/A, Dhaka-1208. Pragoti Industries Limited (Local Management) |Name |Position | |Engr. Md. Nazmul Huda |Managing Director | |Md. Mustafizur Rahman |General Manager ( Marketing & Admin) | |Engr. Md. Ali Chowdhury |Addl. Chief Engineer (purchase) | |Engineer Nizamul Haque |Addl. Chief Engineer (In charge Plant) | |Dr. Zubaid-Ur-Rahman |Addl. Chief Medical Officer | |Md. Ashraful Haider Khandaker |DGM (Com) | |Md. Golam Nabi |Deputy Chief Accounts Officer | |Md. Faridul Islam |DGM (com) Dhaka Office | Board of Directors (PIL Company Board) |Sl. |Name |Designation | |1 |Md. Ataur Rahman |Chairman | | |Chairman, BSEC. | | | |Telephone: 88-02-8114616, 8112808. | | |2 |Mr. Md. Forhad Uddin |Director | | |Addl. Secretary, Ministry of Industries. | | | |Telephone: 88-02-9563561, 7194156 (Res. ) | | |3 |Mr. P R Borua |Director | | |Rtd. DIG. | | | |Phone: 88-02-8912414 | | |4 |Mr. Sheikh Md. Mobarak Hossain. |Director | | |Director (Planning & Development), BSEC | | | |Telephone: 88-02-8130473, 9338429 | | |5 |Mr. A T M Pearul Islam |Director | | |Telephone: 88-02-8122898, 9348371 Cell: 01711895957 | | |6 |Mr. Capt. (Retired) K. A. K. Modabber Hossain |Director | | |Secretary , BSEC | | | |Telephone: 88-02-8121451Res: 8757332 | | |7 |Mr. Dider Mohammad Abdur Rab |Director | | |Genarel Manager, Office of the General Manager, | | | |Sonali Bank Ltd,Chittagong. | | |8 |Engr. A. k. M. Solayman Haque |Managing Director | | |Managing Director, Pragoti Industries Ltd. | | | |Telephone: 88-031-723110, 725712 | | |9 |Mr. Md. Helal Uddin |Director | | |General Manager, Janata Bank Ltd, Divisional Office, | | | | 27 Agrabad C/A, Chittagong. | | | | | | Chapter- 5 Marketing organization of pragoti industry The â€Å"Marketing & Sales Department† of PIL is one of the most important departments of PIL. In this department, there are one DGM (Depute general manager), two assistant manager and four executives. They are smart, energetic, experienced and high educated. They are capable of handling clients and selling the products in the efficient and effective way. [pic] Role & Responsibilities of â€Å"Marketing & Sales Department†: ? Providing Quotation among prospect about inquiry. ? Receiving order from different prospect or customer. ? Selecting specific model for customer from factory on behalf of their choice. ? Direction to factory engineer for made up pre requisite model base on customer choice. ? Delivery the order pre specific date. ? Receiving product price through cash, chque, or money receipt. ? Deposit that amount into accounts department. ? Attending seminar, symposium as part of marketing activities. ? Input all of sales & money receipt in respective journal. Chapter- 6 Marketing Mix strategies of Pragoti Industries 6. 1 Product: As we have known that Pragoti industries limited does not produce auto mobiles but only assembles the auto mobiles. After assembling it mainly markets the following products: Product name and model, origin of CKD & country of origin |Sl No |Product name |Model |Origin of CKD ( ClOSE KNOCK DOWN) |Country of origin | |1 |MITSUBISHI PAJERO 4. 4 |LWB WGON |MITSUBISHI MOTOR |JAPAN | | | |V31VHNDKB |CORPORATION | | |2 |MITSUBISHI PAJERO |KH4WGNMR |MITSUBISHI MOTOR |JAPAN | | |CR-45 | |CORPORATION | | |3 |TATA TC BUS |LP01316 TC |TATA ENGINEERING & |INDIA | | | | |LOCOMOTIVE COMPANY LTD. | | |4 |TATA MINI TRUCK |LPT 709 |TATA ENGINEERING & |INDIA | | | | |LOCOMOTIVE COMPANY LTD. | | |5 |ASHOK LEYLAND MINI TRUCK |HR-55 |ASHOK LEYLAND LTD |INDIA | |6 |NISSAN NAVARA PIC UP |YD25DDTI |NISSAN MOTORS LTD. |JAPAN | |7 |MITSUBISHI MICROBUS L-300 |P13WHLNDER |MITSUBISHI MOTOR |JAPAN | | | | |CORPORATION | | Pragoti Industries ltd. Product name, model & Specification/Features: |Sl No |Product Name |Model |Specification/Features | | | | | | |1 |MITSUBISHI PAJERO 4. 4 |LWB WGON |Long wheel base, 5 door, 9 set ( approved by BRTA), Petrol engine 4. 4, 4 cylinder, | | | |V31VHNDKB |86 k. w. horse power/117 PS/5500 RPS, drive by right hand, hard top metal, 2350 CC, | | | | |wheel base 2725 m. m. , digital clock, cigarette lighter, fold belt, power steering, 1| | | | |additional wheel with cover. | | | | |Co lour – BLACK | |2 |MITSUBISHI PAJERO CR-45 |KH4WGNMR |Long wheel base, 5 door, 7 set ( approved by BRTA), Diesel engine 4 WD, 4 cylinder, | | | | |100 k. w. horse power/136 PS/3500 RPS, drive by right hand, hard top metal, 2477 CC, | | | | |wheel base 2800 m. m. , power steering, 1 additional wheel with cover. | | | | |Co lour – BLACK,SILVER | |3 |TATA TC BUS |LP01316 TC |Tata LPO-1316/55TC,52 set Deluxe bus, power steering, 4*2, Drive by right hand,6 | | | | |cylinder, horse power 160PS/K. W120/2500 RPM, Water cold, Diesel engine, Wheel Base | | | | |5545 CC,1additionl wheel. | |4 |TATA MINI TRUCK |LPT 709 |Tata LPT-709 EX, 3. 5 ton truck chassis, 4. *2, 4 cylinder, 3783 CC, Turbo Charge | | | | |inter cooled, diesel engine, Drive by right hand, Wheel Base 3400 CC, output 66. 3 | | | | |km,90 PS/2400RPS,1additionl wheel. | |5 |ASHOK LEYLAND MINI Truck |HR-55 |HR-55 in 1. 5 ton mini truck chassis, 4 cylinder, 2771 CC in line over heed volt | | | | |direct injection, water cold, diesel engine, power steering, output: 59 k. w/3600RPM,| |6 |NISSAN NAVARA PIC UP |YD25DDTI |Double Cabin 4/4, Dingell pick up,2488 (2500) CC, 4 Door, 5set with driver, power | | | | |steering, 128 horse power/4000 RPS, Wheel Base 3200, radio, Digital Clock, CD | | | | |player, power Window, Bumper | |7 |MITSUBISHI MICROBUS |P13WHLNDER | 5 door (Sliding both side), 12 set ( approved by BRTA), 4. 2 cylinder, 86 k. w. | | |L-300 | |horse power/114 PS/5750 RPS, drive by right hand, hard top metal, power steering, 1 | | | | |additional wheel with cover, bilt in ac . | | | | |Co lour – WHITE | 6. 2 Services: In case of providing services Pragoti industries limited is not exception. Like other automobiles industries it provides services which are followings every product has one year warrantee. All repairmen services are provided through 7 (seven) servicing agents of Pragoti Industries Ltd which are situated at Dhaka and Chittagong. A. Dhaka city: No. of agents -05. The servicing agents are at Motijeel, Fakirarpul, Tejgaon, Baridhara and Tongi. B. Chittagong City: No. of servicing agents – 02. The servicing agents are at Sholoshahar and Jamal Khan Lane Product. 6. 3 Pricing: Price is the element of the marketing mix that produces revenue; the other elements produce costs. Price is the easiest marketing mix elements to adjust; product features, channel, and even promotion take more time. Price also communicates to the market the company’s intended value position of its product and brand. Companies set prices by selecting a general pricing approach that includes one or more of three sets of factors. We examine these approaches: the cost base approach (cost plus pricing, break-even analysis, and target profit pricing); the buyer-based approach (value-based pricing); and the competition-based approach (going rate and sealed bid pricing) Pragoti’s pricing Method: Pragoti fo0llows the cost- based method in setting prices of all its products. They consider different prices and estimate break-even volumes, probable demand, and profits for each. Pragoti Industries ltd. Product name, price per unit & payment terms: |Sl No |Product Name |Price per unit |Payment terms | | | | | | |1 |MITSUBISHI PAJERO 4. 4 |55,00,000 |Fully cash | | | |3,05,000 | | | | |Total=58,05,000 | | |2 |MITSUBISHI PAJERO CR-45 |75,00,000/= |Fully cash | | | |76,000/= | | | |With additional fittings |Total=75,76,000 | | |3 |TATA TC BUS |24,58,000 |35% in down payment, additional 65% paid 18% interest with 36 monthly | | | | |installment. | |4 |TATA MINI TRUCK |16,50,000 |Fully cash | |5 |ASHOK LEYLAND MINI Truck |16,50,000 |Fully cash | |6 |NISSAN NAVARA PIC UP |41,72,000 |Fully cash | |7 |MITSUBISHI MICROBUS |28,50,000 |Fully cash | | |L-300 | | | 6. 4 Promotion: In recent time marketing not only calls for just developing a good product but also pricing it attractively and making it available to the targeted customer. Companies also must communicate with their customers and they try to create a good customer relation among them. To communicate well, the firm often hires advertising agencies to develop effective advertisement, give appointment to active experienced officers and executives, give on – line services to the big businessmen or organization, and create a private relationship with clients. As PIL assembles automobiles for selective customers it spends less than the others. It mainly uses two types promotion. They are: †¢ Consumer promotion tools & Advertising †¢ 6. 4. 1 Consumer promotion tools: Short term incentive to encourage the sales of service or products of the firm is called sales promotion. PIL uses the following Consumer promotion tools they are: Price Pack: At the time of festival PIL offer some special discount for Suzuki vehicles. Cash refund offer: PIL still thinking about it. Patronage reward: For corporate sales (Huge quantity) special discount offering. 6. 4. 2 Advertising: Advertisement is the fine art of convincing people that the doors to open standards are never closed. The Advertisement plan & campaign plan are similar in outline & structure. It matches the right audience to the right Message & represents it in the right medium to reach that audience. †¢ Objective of advertising plan are †¢ Create awareness among 60% of target audience. Pragoti industries use the following media for advertising its products. They are Newspaper: Advertise publish in The Daily Newspaper with multi colour, regarding after sales service facilities. Direct mail: New product’s catalogue sends by direct mail with product specification, advantage and design. Calendar: Every year Pragoti Publishes colourful and attractive calendar with picture of their products. Direct mail: New product’s catalogue sends by direct mail with product specification. Advertising problems: PIL often can not advertise in the media since it is very expensive and difficulty in the corporate level. Finance 6. 4. 3 Distribution Channel: Most of the Producers use intermediaries to bring their products to market. They try to forge a distribution channel—a set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user. The distribution functions of PIL are made by 32 dealers. Functions of the dealers: †¢ Sell the cars to the private company, people or NGO which are produced by the 1st party. Here Pragoti is the 1st party, †¢ They cannot sell other company’s cars except the Pragoti within the duration of the contract, †¢ The full payment will be collected by them from the buyers, †¢ Help the buyers in taking permission from BRTA, †¢ Will sell at least 40 cars within the deed duration, The performance will be evaluated after 6 months. Dealership will be cancelled if they fail to achieve the quota.